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不同赋存状态油裂解条件及油裂解型气源灶的正演和反演研究

赵文智, 王兆云, 王红军, 汪泽成, 张水昌, 王震, 张庆春

赵文智, 王兆云, 王红军, 汪泽成, 张水昌, 王震, 张庆春. 不同赋存状态油裂解条件及油裂解型气源灶的正演和反演研究[J]. 中国地质, 2006, 33(5): 952-965.
引用本文: 赵文智, 王兆云, 王红军, 汪泽成, 张水昌, 王震, 张庆春. 不同赋存状态油裂解条件及油裂解型气源灶的正演和反演研究[J]. 中国地质, 2006, 33(5): 952-965.
ZHAO Wen-zhi, WANG Zhao-yun, WANG Hong-jun, WANG Ze-cheng, ZHANG Shui-chang, WANG Zhen, ZHANG Qing-chun. Cracking conditions of oils existing in different modes of occurrence and forward and backward inference of gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type[J]. GEOLOGY IN CHINA, 2006, 33(5): 952-965.
Citation: ZHAO Wen-zhi, WANG Zhao-yun, WANG Hong-jun, WANG Ze-cheng, ZHANG Shui-chang, WANG Zhen, ZHANG Qing-chun. Cracking conditions of oils existing in different modes of occurrence and forward and backward inference of gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type[J]. GEOLOGY IN CHINA, 2006, 33(5): 952-965.

不同赋存状态油裂解条件及油裂解型气源灶的正演和反演研究

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(2001CB209100)和中石油中青年创新基金项目(2005)共同资助。

Cracking conditions of oils existing in different modes of occurrence and forward and backward inference of gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type

  • 摘要: 提要:油裂解型气源灶是一种特殊的气源灶,是优质生烃母质在成气过程中派生出的。烃源岩生成的油主要有3种赋存形式:源内分散状液态烃、源外分散状液态烃和源外富集型液态烃。3种赋存状态液态烃的数量及分配比例受内因和外因多种因素控制,就排油率而言,有机碳含量分别为0.67%、0.62%和10.6%的泥岩、灰岩和油页岩,最大排油率分别为45%、55%和80%。原油与不同介质配样的生气动力学实验表明,不同介质条件下甲烷的生成活化能分布有差异,碳酸盐岩对油裂解条件影响最大,可大大降低其活化能,导致原油裂解热学条件降低,体现为油裂解温度的降低;泥岩次之,砂岩影响最小。碳酸盐岩、泥岩和砂岩对油的催化裂解作用依次减弱,不同介质条件下主生气期对应的Ro值:纯原油1.5%~3.8%;碳酸盐岩中的分散原油1.2%~3.2%;泥岩中的分散原油1.3%~3.4%;砂岩中的分散原油1.4%~3.6%。油裂解型气源灶是一种中间体,可以直观看到的是原生气源灶和由此形成的气藏,而对油裂解型气源灶的赋存形式、分布范围、成气数量和储量规模等问题,只能通过正演和反演的研究去确定且相互映证。正演研究以塔里木盆地中下寒武统为例,原始生油量2 232.24×108t,剩余油量806.21×108t,油裂解气量106.95×1012 m3。反演研究以川东北飞仙关组白云岩中油裂解气为例,圈定的古油藏面积约735 km2,古油藏原油数量45×108t,油裂解气量及油裂解气资源量分别为2.72×1012 m3和1.36×1012 m3。
    Abstract: Abstract:The gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type is a kind of special gas source rock kitchen derived from high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks. The oils generated from source rocks mainly have three modes of occurrence: disperse liquid hydrocarbon inside source rocks, disperse liquid hydrocarbon outside source rocks and concentrated liquid hydrocarbon outside source rocks. The quantities and proportions of the three modes of occurrence of hydrocarbon are controlled by various factors, including internal and external ones. As to the oil expulsion efficiency, the organic carbon contents in mudstone, limestone and oil shale are 0.67%, 0.62% and 10.6% respectively and their maximum oil expulsion efficiencies are 45%, 55% and 80% respectively. The kinetic experiments of cracked gas in different media indicate that the activation energy of methane changes according to the medium conditions. Carbonate rocks have the greatest influence on oil cracking and can significantly reduce the activation energy of cracked gas and the temperatures of oil cracking. Mudstone takes the second place and sandstone has the smallest influence. The corresponding Ro values of main gas-generating periods in different media are as follows: 1.5%-3.8% for pure crude oil, 1.2%-3.2% for disperse oil in carbonate rocks, 1.3%-3.4% for disperse oil in mudstone and 1.4%-3.6% for disperse oil in sandstone. The gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type is an intermediate and what are visible are the primary gas source kitchen and gas accumulation formed by it. However, the modes of occurrence, distribution scope and amount and resources of gas generated for the gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type can be only determined and proved through forward and backward inference. Take the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the Tarim basin as an example of forward inference, the original oil-generating quantity is 2 232.24×108 t and the residual oil quantity and oil cracked gas quantity are 806.21×108 t and 106.95×1012 m3 respectively. Take the cracked gas in dolomites of the Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan basin as an example of backward inference, the area of the delineated paleo-oil accumulation is approximately 735 km2, the quantity of crude oil is 45×108t, and the quantity and resources of oil cracked gas are 2.72×1012 m3 and 1.36×1012 m3 respectively.
  • 勘探实践证明,志留系是我国目前最为有利、最有前景的页岩气勘探开发层系,已在四川盆地的涪陵、长宁—威远等地区取得了页岩气重大突破,进入商业开发阶段。基础地质调查表明,四川盆地周缘地区志留系黑色页岩发育,尤其是鄂西—渝东北地区,志留系底部龙马溪组富含笔石黑色页岩发育,厚度大,页岩有机质丰度高,生烃潜力大。20世纪80年代以来,中石化、中石油实施的常规油气钻井,在志留系龙马溪组均见到了不同程度的页岩气显示,展示了其良好的页岩气勘探前景,但目前尚未取得突破性的进展。

    通过野外地质调查、老井复查、分析测试及综合研究,结合区域构造特征、岩相古地理、目的层埋深等条件,对鄂西—渝东北地区志留系龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件进行了系统的研究,以保存条件为核心,优选鄂西建始—巴东志留系页岩气勘查有利区,在建始龙坪背斜南翼部署实施了1口地质调查井——建地1井,全井段进行了取心、气测录井,和测井工作。通过对建地1井志留系龙马溪组、新滩组、罗惹坪组岩心样品进行系统采样,测试了有机地化、岩石矿物学、储层物性和含气性等评价参数,建立了志留系页岩气综合地质剖面。

    建地1井钻探资料揭示志留系自上而下发育纱帽组、罗惹坪组、新滩组和龙马溪组。其中龙马溪组和下伏上奥陶统五峰组为一套富含笔石的黑色页岩,厚度为43.7 m。实验测试分析表明,五峰—龙马溪组页岩有机质丰度高,介于0.2% ~11.24%,平均为4.39%,其中TOC>2%的页岩厚度至少25 m,主要位于龙马溪组底部和五峰组(图 1)。页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型,热成熟度(Ro)介于2.5%~2.9%,处于过成熟早期阶段。新滩组为一套薄—中层状灰色—深灰色粉砂岩或泥质粉砂岩。岩心储层物性研究数据表明,粉砂岩孔隙度介于5.6%~11.24%,储层空气渗透率介于0.0455~1.6712 mD,平均为0.777 mD,为典型的致密砂岩储层。其上覆罗惹坪组为一套厚层状深灰绿色泥岩,渗透率普遍低于10-6mD。综合以上,建始地区志留系发育一套五峰—龙马溪组(生)-新滩组(储)-罗惹坪组(盖)致密砂岩气的生储盖组合,具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气同生共存的成藏组合。

    图  1  建地1井志留系综合柱状图
    Figure  1.  Comprehensive columnar section of the Silurian strata in Jiandi 1 well

    建地1井随钻气测录井资料显示,该井钻至1345 m下志留统新滩组深灰色泥页岩地层时,气测全烃0.09%↑21.5%,甲烷0.087%↑19.89%,现场泥浆脱离气点火成功。其中1190~1738 m全烃异常值大于大于2%的地层累计厚93 m(图 1),综合解释为含气层。这是鄂西—渝东北复杂构造区志留系首次获得致密砂岩气发现,有望打开该地区油气勘探开发新局面。另外,该井钻至井深1738.55~1782.25 m五峰龙马溪组黑色页岩时,全烃异常值0.93%~ 11.07%,甲烷0.55%~9.70%。黑色页岩富含笔石化石,岩心浸水气泡明显,21个岩心样品现场解析含气量平均达0.92 m3(不含损失气、残余气)。建地1井钻探证实了建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。

    (1)建地1井钻探揭示湖北建始地区发育一套五峰—龙马溪组(生)-新滩组(储)-罗惹坪组(盖)的致密砂岩气生储盖组合。五峰—龙马溪组富有机质页岩厚度大、有机质丰度高,热成熟度适中,生烃能力好;新滩组为典型的致密砂岩储层。志留系具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气共存的特点。

    (2)随钻气测录井资料显示,建地1井新滩组致密砂岩储层、五峰—龙马溪组页岩储层均见到良好的油气显示,揭示建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。

    本文为中国地质调查项目鄂西页岩气示范基地拓展区战略调查(DD20189812)资助的成果。感谢翟刚毅、石砥石教授级高工的指导和帮助。

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  • 刊出日期:  2006-10-24

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