桂西地区乐平统合山组底部海绵骨针硅质岩的发现及古环境意义
The discovery of Sponge chert on the bottom of the Lopingian Heshan Formation in western Guangxi and its palaeoenvironmental significance
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摘要: 提要:桂西地区乐平统合山组底部广泛发育层状硅质岩沉积,硅质岩成层性好,侧向延伸稳定,层面平整。通过平果县太平镇山营村北、新圩村北及东兰县3条野外剖面的实测、硅质岩样品室内镜下鉴定及稀土元素分析,发现:硅质岩中含丰富的海绵骨针、有孔虫、藻类等化石,化石保存完整;稀土元素特征显示硅质岩稀土总量低,与海水相似,轻稀土略有亏损,但Ce负异常不明显。根据稀土元素及硅质岩生物组合的特征,判断合山组底部的硅质岩形成于滨浅海环境,属相对封闭的大陆边缘环境,同时受到了淡水和海水的影响,主要通过混合水带硅化机理形成,基本没有火山和热液的影响。硅质岩的出现表明由于海侵作用桂西地区水体深度增大,尤其是新圩村剖面位置,广泛台地被海水淹没,海水较洁净,适合海绵、有孔虫、腕足、腹足等生物繁殖,因而发育了硅质岩及灰岩。Abstract: Abstract:Chert is widely distributed on the bottom of the Upper Permian Heshan Formation in western Guangxi. The chert layers extend stably on the lateral side, and the bed surfaces are smooth. The authors measured three sections: the north Shanying Village section and the north Xinxu Village section in Taiping Town, Pinguo County, and the Donglan section in Donglan County. In the laboratory the authors conducted the microscopic examination and rare earth element analysis of the chert. The results show that all the chert is rich in organisms such as spongy spicules, foraminifers, and algae, which are well preserved. The low content of rare earth elements is similar to that of sea water, with the slight loss of light rare earth elements and insignificant Ce negative anomaly. According to the characteristics of the rare earth elements and bioassemblages of the chert, the authors hold that the chert on the bottom of Heshan Formation was formed in shallow water and belonged to a relatively closed environment of continental margin; the silicon of the chert occurred in mixed meteoric-marine coastal systems, without the addition of volcanic components and hydrothermal solution. the occurrence of chert indicates that the rapid transgression in late Permian resulted in the increase of the depth of water in western Guangxi, especially along the Xinxu Village section, where the platform was largely submerged, and the water was clean, which was suitable for the breeding of such living things as sponges, foraminiferas, brachiopodas, and gastropods and was hence favorable for the development of chert and limestone.
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Keywords:
- western Guangxi /
- upper Permian /
- chert /
- spongy spicules /
- rare earth elements /
- initial transgression surfaces
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
通过实施2020年四川省自然资源厅省政府性投资地质勘查项目,对沐川地区上二叠统宣威组底部泥岩中赋存的稀有、稀土、稀散元素进行调查评价,了解“三稀”元素含量与找矿前景,希望在“三稀”找矿方面取得突破性进展,为乌蒙山贫困地区脱贫提供技术服务和支撑产业规划、扶贫开发提供资源保障。
2. 研究方法(Method)
主要采用了1∶10000地质填图、1∶500矿化带剖面测量、探槽工程、钻探工程、采样与测试分析等方法,对上二叠统宣威组底部的富镓泥岩进行了初步研究。
3. 研究结果(Results)
沐川地区位于扬子陆块西缘(图 1a),峨眉山大火成岩省中带(图 1b)。研究区位于五指山背斜核部,其核部地层为上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩(P3e),两翼向两侧依次出露上二叠统宣威组(P3x)、三叠系(T)、侏罗系(J)等(图 1c)。镓矿层产出于峨眉山玄武岩组(P3e)顶部、宣威组(P3x)底部的紫红色铁质泥岩、灰白色铝质泥岩、浅灰绿色泥岩、灰色泥岩、浅灰绿色泥岩及深灰色炭质泥岩中,呈层状分布,层位稳定(图 1d);找矿标志:峨眉山玄武岩组与宣威组(P3x)的平行不整合界线之上,具“成矿界面”特征,颜色上有明显的紫红色、灰白色、灰色及深灰色等,特别是具有特征的紫红色,宏观上易识别;根据地球化学图解判别显示,其成矿物质来源有可能来源于峨眉山玄武岩及峨眉山地幔柱演化末期喷发的火山灰。
采集钻孔岩心1/2切分样品,送样至自然资源部成都矿产资源监督检测中心采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行测试分析,结果显示ZK01钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位104 μg/g,矿层厚度6.27 m;ZK02钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位68.1 μg/g,矿层厚度8.67 m;ZK03钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位55.3 μg/g,矿层厚度13.87 m;三个工程的镓(Ga)平均品位为75.8 μg/g,平均厚度9.60 m。可以看出,沐川地区宣威组底部的泥岩中镓(Ga)品位较高,厚度较大,达到了中国现行的Ga矿资源工业指标要求(30 μg/g)。
4. 结论(Conclusion)
经初步估算沐川地区镓(Ga)资源量可达数万吨到数十万吨,有望找到超大型镓矿床(>2000 t) 的潜力。沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩分布面积较广,为镓的富集成矿提供了丰富的物源。经地质填图及工程取样显示,宣威组底部富镓泥岩层厚度大,分布面积广泛,镓元素含量较高,具有巨大的找矿潜力。研究宣威组底部“三稀”元素成矿特征有助于中国在战略性关键矿产找矿方面取得重大突破,对地方国民经济发展具有重要意义。
5. 基金项目(Fund support)
本文为四川省自然资源厅2020年省政府性投资地质勘查项目(DZ20 2002)和四川省自然资源厅科技项目(kj-2022-6)资助成果。
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