Geochemical characteristics of the Lower Permian Liangshan Formation in Dushan area of Guizhou Province and their implications for the paleoenvironment
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摘要:
通过贵州南部独山地区二叠纪梁山组黑色页岩稀土与微量元素含量及其指标分析，探讨梁山组地球化学特征与沉积环境之间的对应关系。结果表明：稀土元素总量（ΣREE）在127.23×10-6～450.07×10-6，平均值271.09×10-6明显大于北美页岩稀土总量；轻重稀土比值（LREE/HREE）在7.66～15.67，平均为9.51，轻稀土相对富集。δ Ce与δ Eu、Dyn/Smn、ΣREE三者之间的相关性表明，梁山组稀土元素在沉积转换期受到一定程度成岩作用的影响，δ Ce异常值作为氧化还原判别指标不太可靠，经过筛选，通过微量元素比值指标Ni/Co≈0.20，U/Th≈0.2，V/Cr≈1.09，δ U≈0.73，V/Sc≈7.43等综合判定梁山组沉积期处于充氧-贫氧的海水环境，底栖生物的大量发育也是有利佐证。本文推测梁山组沉积期所处的海水环境并非单纯的充氧、缺氧或者还原环境，更有可能具动态变换的演化过程，初始的海水环境为有利生物繁殖充氧环境，随后逐渐进入贫氧甚至还原环境，阻碍了有机质降解，可能情况分二种：①温湿气候的高有机质沉降通量及浅水沉积的快速堆积埋藏，大量消耗了底层水的氧气，海水环境由充氧向贫氧直至还原演化；②梁山组沉积物-水界面与贫氧-缺氧界面重合或者附近上下波动，持续慢速的海侵过程使得贫氧-缺氧界面上升，早期生物死亡的有机质堆积下来进入贫氧环境，沉积物与水体的氧气交换越来越少，直至变成还原环境。
Abstract:Corresponding relationship between geochemical characteristics and depositional environments was established through analyzing distribution of mudstone, content and indexes of the trace and rare earth elements from the Liangshan Formation, Lower Permian, Dushan area, southern Guzhou. The results show that the gross amount of REE (ΣREE) varies from 127.23×10-6 to 450.07×10-6 with an average of 271.09×10-6, which is obviously higher than the gross amount of American shale REE. And the ratio of LREE/HREE is usually between 7.66 and 15.67 with an average of 9.51, which indicates enrichment of LREE. Relevance between Ce anomalies and Eu anomalies, Dyn/Smn ratios, and bulk REE show that diagenesis had some effects on REE of the Liangshan Formation during the depositional transformation period, and it seems that abnormal values of Ce anomalies are not a reliable redox indicator. An oxygen and oxygen-depleted seawater environment was judged through trace element ratio indexes, such as Ni/Co≈0.20, U/Th≈0.2, V/Cr≈1.09, δ U≈0.73, V/Sc≈7.43; in addition, abundant development of benthos can be a strong evidence. The authors argue that the seawater environment of sedimentary period during the Liangshan Formation was an evolution process with dynamic transformation, rather than a pure oxygenate, low oxygen or reducing environment. More specifically, the initial seawater environment represented oxygenate condition for biological reproduction, then gradually evolved into low oxygen or even reducing environment which hindered degradation of organic matter. The authors put forward two possible cases:(1) Deposition flux of high organic-matter under humid climate and rapid accumulation of shallow-water deposit used much oxygen of bottom water, which resulted in a transformation from oxygenate to low oxygen until the reducing environment; (2) The water interface overlapped or fluctuated near the oxygenate to low oxygen interface of the Liangshan Formation, and the oxygenate to low oxygen interface rose gradually with continuous transgressive process, then a low oxygen environment appeared with the death of early organisms, and oxygen exchange between deposits and water became less and finally transferred into a reducing environment.
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Keywords:
- Dushan in Guzhou /
- REE /
- trace elements /
- black shale /
- redox
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图 1 黔南地质构造单元简图及剖面位置
Figure 1. Schematic map of tectonic units in southern Guizhou with location of Chengjiaba section
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图 2 陈家坝剖面柱状图及采样点
Figure 2. Stratigraphic column of the Chenjiaba section with sampling points
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图 3 梁山组样品稀土元素配分模式
Figure 3. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the samples from the Liangshan Formation
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图 4 梁山组页岩上地壳标准化微量元素蛛网图
Figure 4. Spider diagram of standardized trace elements in the upper crust shale, the Liangshan Formation
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图 6 样品δCe与ΣREE、Dyn/Smn、δEu相关图
Figure 6. Cross-plots of Ce anomalies versus bulk REE, Dyn/Smnratios, Eu anomalies for samples
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图 8 微量元素比值指标演化曲线图
Figure 8. Curve graph showing evolution of trace element ratio indexes
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图 9 梁山组黑色页岩中底栖生物化石
（a~d均为长身贝类化石，其中a、b化石背面可见；c腹面可见；d背腹面均可见）
Figure 9. Benthos fossils from the Liangshan Formation black shale
(a-d are fossils of productides. a and b show the back; c shows the abdomen; d shows both the back and abdomen.)
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图 10 马平组与梁山组Sr/Ba比值曲线图
Figure 10. 10 Curve graph showing Sr/Ba ratio between the Maping Formation and the Liangshan Formation
表 1 稀土元素、微量元素测试结果（10-6）及计算结果
Table 1 Analytical results(10-6) and calculation results of rare earth elements and trace elements
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