The structure of crushed zone near the Lungudong strike slip fault and its relationship with the gas and oil
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摘要:
利用最新处理完成的轮古东300 km2叠前深度偏移地震资料，多手段识别出轮古东气田发育3期4组断裂。断裂控制了裂缝走向与裂缝发育密度，裂缝主要为高角度（45°～75°）构造窄裂缝，沿裂缝存在溶蚀，走向主要为NESW。纵向上，一间房组裂缝发育密度最大（14条/100 m），其次为鹰山组（6条/100 m）和良里塔格组（4条/100 m）；平面上，裂缝主要分布在主干断裂周边1 km范围内，随着距断裂距离增大，裂缝发育强度（裂缝线密度）呈指数降低。在此基础上，综合考虑主干断裂及伴生裂缝发育特征，将轮古东断裂破碎带平面上划分为“羽状破碎带、转换破碎带、斜列破碎带、复合破碎带”4种结构，羽状破碎带分布面积最广，是油气最富集的区域，是目前高效井的集中分布区，围绕羽状破碎带的钻探为走滑断裂控储控藏研究和寻找新的油气富集区域提供了新思路。
Abstract:Using the latest seismic data of 300 km2 depth migration before stack in Lungudong, the authors identified three stages and four groups of fractures in Lungudong gas field by various means. The strike and compactness of the fractures are controlled by faults. The fractures are mainly high angle(45°-75°)narrow fractures. Corrosion is developed along the fractures, and the dominant strike is NE-SW. In the longitudinal field, the fractures of Yijianfang Formation has maximum density(14 fractures per 100 m), followed by the compactness of the fractures of Yingshan Formation (6 fractures per 100 m) and the compactness of the fractures of Lianglitage Formation (4 fractures per 100 m). In the plane field, fracture is mainly distributed in the area within 1 km of the main faults. With the increasing distance from the fault, the degree of fracture development (linear density of fractures) decreases with the tendency of index number. On such a basis, the authors have comprehensively considered developmental characteristics of main fractures and accompanying fractures. In the plane field, crushed zones of Lungudong fault are divided into pinnate crushed zone, transform crushed zone, echelon crushed zone, and composite crushed zone. The area of pinnate crushed zones is the largest and most gas and oil spots are concentrated here, and high-efficiency wells are centrally distributed in this area at present. The exploration drill holes around the pinnate crushed zone offer a new train of thought for the study of strike slip fault controlling oil and gas reservoir and finding new rich domains of gas and oil.
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Keywords:
- Lungudong /
- Ordovician /
- carbonate rock /
- fault /
- condensate gas reservoir
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 感谢塔里木油田分公司勘探开发研究院敬兵和胡太平高级工程师的指导和帮助，感谢审稿专家提出的宝贵修改意见。 -
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图 1 轮古东气田构造断裂与储层预测叠合图
Figure 1. Overlapping figure of structural fault and reservoir forecasting in Lungudong gas field
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图 2 轮古东气田下寒武统底面up-down 20 ms相干属性图
Figure 2. Up-down 20 ms coherent property of Lower Cambrian basal surface in Lungudong gas field
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图 3 轮古东气田一间房顶面up-down 20 ms相干属性图
Figure 3. Up-down 20 ms coherent property of the top surface of Yijianfang Formation in Lungudong gas field
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图 4 轮古东气田石炭系双峰灰岩顶up-down 20 ms相干属性图
Figure 4. Up-down 20 ms coherent property of Carboniferous double peak limestone top surface in Lungudong gas field
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图 6 轮古东气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩心照片
a—AF127井，5569.8 m，O1-2y，泥晶灰岩，高角度构造缝，缝宽2~4 mm，沿缝部分充填方解石；b—AN631井，5791.5 m，O3t，亮晶生屑灰岩，二组构造缝斜交，沿裂缝溶蚀和充填，缝面见氧化边；c—AN62井，5782.3 m，O1-2y，颗粒灰岩，晚期水平裂缝切割早期缝合线，沿晚期裂缝部分溶蚀；d—AG392井，6264.5 m，O2y，藻粘结砂砾屑灰岩，高角度构造缝，半充填方解石，岩心上见构造缝不连续延伸；e—AN621井，5766.2 m，O3t，颗粒灰岩，早期缝合线被晚期高角度构造缝切割，半充填泥质；f—AG35井，6158.4 m，O3t，砂屑生屑灰岩，早期溶洞充填角砾与巨晶方解石，晚期裂缝切割早期裂缝，沿晚期裂缝扩溶；g—AN631井，5973.1 m，O1-2y，早期网状裂缝呈龟背状充填方解石，晚期沿部分宽缝充填泥质，岩心部分大理岩化；h—AG391井，5817.2 m，O3l，生物砾屑灰岩，生物为珊瑚和藻类，为洞穴充填角砾，砾间充填泥质；i-AG392井，6345.7 m，O1-2y，亮晶颗粒灰岩，缝合线发育
Figure 6. Core photos of Ordovician carbonate rock in Lungudong gas field
a-Well AF127, 5569.8 m, O1-2y, cryptite, high angle structural fracture, width of fracture 2-4 m, partly filled with calcite along fractures; b-Well AN631, 5791.5 m, O3t, calcsparite bioclastic limestone, two groups of structural fractures obliquely crossing, corroded and filled along fractures, oxidation edge distributed in fracture panel; c-Well AN62, 5782.3 m, O1-2y, grained limestone, late period horizontal fractures cutting early stage furrow lines, partly corroded along late period fractures; d-Well AG392, 6264.5 m, O2y, algal bound gritty limestone, high angle structural fracture, half filled with calcite, structural fractures discontinuously extending in core; e-Well AN621, 5766.2 m, O3t, grained limestone, late period high angle structural fractures cuting early stage furrow lines, half filled with shale; f-Well AG35, 6158.4 m, O3t, gritty bioclastic limestone, early period limestone cave filled with rubble giant crystal calcite, late period fractures cutting early period fractures. corroded along late period fractures; g-Well AN631, 5973.1 m, O1-2y, early period calcite filling fractures like turtleback, late period part of broad fractures filled with shale, core partly marbleized; h-Well AG391, 5817.2 m, O3l, bioclastic calcirudite, bioclasts consisting of coral and algae, cave filled with rubble stone, shale filling inter gravel; i-Well AG392, 6345.7 m, O1-2y, calcsparite grained limestone, developing furrow lines
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图 7 轮古东气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层铸体薄片
a—AN48井，5548.5 m，O2y，泥粉晶灰岩，构造缝交织分布，沿缝见扩溶现象，红色铸体；b—AN621井，5778.3 m，O1—2y，亮晶颗粒灰岩，压溶和溶蚀缝，红色铸体；c—AN14井，5335.6 m，O3l，泥粉晶灰岩，构造缝交织分布，红色铸体；d—AG18井，5540.2 m，O2y，粉晶灰岩，构造缝交织分布，红色铸体；e—AG39井，5832.5 m，O2y，泥—亮晶颗粒灰岩，沿构造缝扩溶后，部分方解石充填，红色铸体；f—AG391井，5810.1 m，O3l，泥—亮晶颗粒灰岩，压溶缝，红色铸体
Figure 7. Cast slice of Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Lungudong gas field
a-Well AN48, 5548.5 m, O2y, powder micrite limestone, structural fractures interleave, expanded corrosion along fractures, red cast; b-Well AN621, 5778.3 m, O1–2y, calcsparite grained limestone, pre-solution and corroded fractures, red cast; c-Well AN14, 5335.6 m, O3l, powder micrite limestone, structural fractures interleave, red cast; d-Well AG18, 5540.2 m, O2y, crystal powder limestone, structural fractures interleave, red cast; e-Well AG39, 5832.5 m, O2y, micrite-calcsparite grained limestone, after expanding corrosion along fractures, partly filled with calcite, red cast; f-Well AG391, 5810.1 m, O3l, micrite-calcsparite grained limestone, pre-solved fractures, red cast
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图 8 轮古东气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩测井裂缝发育特征
a、b、c、d—高角度构造窄裂缝，缝面形态基本完整，轨迹闭合；e、f、g、h—高角度构造窄裂缝，沿缝不规则扩溶；i、j、k、l—斜交羽状诱导微裂缝
Figure 8. Ordovician carbonate logging fracture development characteristics in Lungudong gas field
a, b, c, d-High angle structural narrow fracture, fracture plane form is mostly intact, track closed; e, f, g, h-High angle structural narrow fracture, irregular broaden corrosion; i, j, k, l-Obliquely crossing pinnate lead tiny fracture
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图 9 轮古东—一间房组FRS叠前裂缝预测与测井裂缝走向、密度叠合图
Figure 9. Overlapping figure of Lungudong-Yijianfang Formation FRS pre-stack fracture forecasting and strike and density of logging fracture
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图 10 轮古东气田距走滑断裂距离与裂缝发育密度关系图
Figure 10. The relationship between the distance by strike slip fault and fracture development density in Lungudong gas field
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