Geology and geochemistry of the Gonghudong skarn copper deposit in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner, Inner Mongolia and its significance
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摘要:
宫忽洞是内蒙古中部的一例典型矽卡岩型铜矿床，位于华北板块北缘中段中元古代白云鄂博裂谷带内，赋存于矿区东南部花岗斑岩与白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组结晶灰岩形成的矽卡岩中。矿体呈透镜状、似层状分布，主要金属矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、闪锌矿、辉铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等，脉石矿物为石榴石、透辉石、方解石、萤石等，矽卡岩类主要为透辉石-石榴石矽卡岩。花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（299.6±1.7）Ma，推断宫忽洞铜矿床是晚古生代构造岩浆活动的产物。花岗斑岩高Si、贫Al；亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti等元素；10000Ga/Al值变化于2.32～3.49；稀土配分曲线呈典型的“V”字形；FeOT/MgO值介于9.86～12.27；其成因类型为A1亚类的A型花岗岩，可能形成于后造山拉张构造环境。3件热液方解石δ13CV-PDB值介于-10.6‰～-8.6‰，对应的δ18OV-SMOW值为4.6‰～15‰，宫忽洞铜矿床成矿期的CO2可能由花岗斑岩与灰岩地层的相互作用形成。4件不同硫化物的δ34S值介于1.2‰～10‰，表明成矿所需的硫可能来自于岩浆硫与海相硫酸盐的混合；4件不同硫化物的206Pb/204Pb=17.706～17.828，207Pb/204Pb=15.506～15.564；208Pb／204Pb=37.841～37.969，表明后造山阶段拉张环境形成的A型花岗斑岩体可能是成矿物质的主要提供者。
Abstract:The Gonghudong is a typical skarn copper deposit in central Inner Mongolia. It is located in Mesoproterozoic Bayan Obo rift zone along the middle section of the northern margin of North China plate, and is hosted in the skarn belt formed by the contact of granite porphyry and crystalline limestone of Hujiertu Group. The Cu orebodies are lentoid and stratiform-like in shape. The metallic minerals mainly are chalcopyrite, bornite, sphalerite, chalcocite, pyrite and pyrrhotine, and the nonmetallic minerals mainly are garnet, diopside, calcite and fluorite. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of granite porphyry yielded an age of (299.6±1.7) Ma, and thus the Gonghudong deposit was the product of Late Paleozoic tectonic magmatic activity. The granite porphyry has high Si, low Al, depleted Ba, Sr, P, Ti, with "V" type REE pattern, and the values of 10000Ga/Al and FeOT/MgO range from 2.32 to 3.49 and 9.86 to 12.27, respectively. These data indicate that the granite porphyry belongs to A1 subtype of A-type granites and was formed in a post-orogenic extension environment.δ13CV-PDB andδ18OV-SMOW of the hydrothermal calcite are from-10.6‰to-8.6‰and from 4.6‰to 24.67‰, respectively, suggesting that the CO2 was supplied by the interaction of granite porphyry and limestone. Theδ34S values of the sulfide range from 1.2‰to 10‰, indicating that the sulfur was derived from the magma sulfur and marine sulfate. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb of the ores are 17.847 to l8.173, 15.586 to 15.873 and 37.997 to 38.905, respectively. The Pb-isotopic compositions suggest that the ore-forming material was probably derived mainly from the granite porphyry.
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Keywords:
- ore geology /
- geochemistry /
- skarn copper deposit /
- Gonghudong /
- Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner
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图 1 内蒙古达茂旗宫忽洞铜矿床大地构造位置（A）及区域地质图（B）（A—引自文献[21]；B—引自文献[20]）
1—第四系；2—汉诺坝组；3—二连组；4—固阳组；5—苏吉火山岩；6—阿牙登组；7—呼吉尔图组三段；8—呼吉尔图组二段；9—呼吉尔图组一段；10—白音宝拉格组四段；11—新宝力格序列朱勒格单元；12—新宝力格序列花包特格单元；13—霍布序列乌兰敖包单元；14—霍布序列板申图单元；15—霍布序列那日图单元；16—花岗斑岩；17—地质界线；18—断层；19—宫忽洞铜矿床位置
Figure 1. Tectonic location (A) and regional geological map (B) of the Gonghudong copper deposit, Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner, Inner Mongolia (A-after reference [21]; B-after reference [20])
1-Quaternary; 2-Hannuoba Formation; 3-Erlian Formation; 4-Guyang Formation; 5-Suji volcanic rocks; 6-Ayadeng Formation; 7-The third member of Hujiertu Formation; 8-The second member of Hujiertu Formation; 9-The first member of Hujiertu Formation; 10-The fourth member of Baiyinbaolage Formation; 11-Zhulege unit of Xinbaolige sequence; 12-Huabaotege unit of Xinbaolige sequence; 13-Wulanaobao unit of Huobu sequence; 14-Babshentu unit of Huobu sequence; 15-Naritu unit of Huobu sequence; 16-Granite porphyry; 17-Geological boundary; 18-Fault; 19-Gonghudong copper deposit
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图 2 内蒙古达茂旗宫忽洞铜矿床地质图（引自文献[17]）
1—第四系；2—二叠系下统苏吉组凝灰岩；3—白云鄂博群阿牙登组硅质灰岩；4—白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组黑云母板岩；5—白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组石英黑云母板岩；6—白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组黑云母透闪石角岩；7—白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组石英透辉石角岩；8—白云鄂博群呼吉尔图组结晶灰岩；9—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组黑云母硅质板岩；10—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组淡色石英岩；11—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组黑云母石英板岩；12—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组黑云母变余石英砂岩；13—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组黑云母石英板岩；14—白云鄂博群白音宝拉格组深灰色变余石英砂岩；15—矽卡岩；16—花岗斑岩；17—闪长玢岩脉；18—闪斜煌斑岩脉；19—铜矿体；20—地质界线；21—断层及编号；22—8号勘探线剖面
Figure 2. Geological map of the Gonghudong copper deposit, Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner, Inner Mongolia (after reference [17])
1-Quaternary; 2-Tuff, Lower Permian Suji Formation; 3-Siliceous limestone, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 4-Biotite slate, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 5-Quartz biotite slate, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 6-Biotite tremolite hornstone, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 7-Biotite diopside hornstone, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 8-Crystalline limestone, Hujiertu Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 9-Biotite siliceous slate, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 10-Tinge quartzite, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 11-Biotite quartz slate, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 12-Biotite palimpsest quartz sandstone, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 13-Biotite quartz slate, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 14-Dark gray palimpsest quartz sandstone, Baiyinbaolage Formation, Bayan Obo Group; 15-Skarn; 16-Granite porphyry; 17-Diorite-porphyrite vein; 18-Camptonite; 19-Copper orebody; 20-Geological boundary; 21-Fault; 22-No. 8 cross section
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图 3 宫忽洞铜矿花岗斑岩手标本（A）及显微镜下特征（正交偏光，B；Q—石英）
Figure 3. Sample (A) and microscopic (B) characteristics of granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit
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图 5 宫忽洞铜矿石显微组构特征
a—黄铜矿交代黄铁矿呈结状结构；b—闪锌矿被黄铜矿浸蚀交代；c—早期半自形黄铁矿晶体被黄铜矿包含，黄铜矿边部被闪锌矿交代；d—黄铜矿呈他形晶体充填于脉石矿物或半自形黄铁矿的颗粒之间；e—黄铜矿被闪锌矿交代呈孤岛状残留结构；f—黄铜矿呈他形充填于石英等脉石矿物的粒间空隙Sp—锌矿；Ccp—黄铜矿；Py—黄铁矿；Q—石英
Figure 5. Microscopic petrofabric characteristics of Huoshibulake Zn-Pb ore
a-Pyrite replaced by chalcopyrite exhibiting knot texture; b-Sphalerite etching replaced by chalcopyrite; c-Early stage subhedral pyrite wrapped by chalcopyrite and the edge of chalcopyrite replaced by sphalerite; d-Xenomorphic chalcopyrite filling the intergranular space of gangue minerals and subhedral pyrites; e-Chalcopyrite exhibiting island form and replaced by sphalerite; f-Xenomorphic chalcopyrite filling the intergranular space of quartz; Sp-Sphalerite; Ccp-Chalcopyrite; Py-Pyrite; Q-Quartz
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图 6 宫忽洞铜矿东南部花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄（a、b）和CL图像及测点号（c）
Figure 6. CL images, analytical spots (c) and U-Pb ages (a, b) of the analyzed zircon for granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit
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图 12 宫忽洞铜矿花岗斑岩构造环境判别图解（底图据文献[42]）
Syn-COLG—同碰撞花岗岩；Post-COLG—后碰撞花岗岩；VAG—火山弧花岗岩；ORG—洋脊花岗岩；WPG—板内花岗岩
Figure 12. Discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting for granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit (base map after reference [42])
Syn-COLG-Syn-collision granites; Post-COLG-Post-collision granites; VAG-Volcanic arc granites; ORG-Ocean ridge granites; WPG-Intraplate granites
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图 13 宫忽洞铜矿花岗斑岩构造环境判别图解（a, b—据文献[42]; c—据文献[43]）
AG-岛弧花岗岩类；CAG-大陆弧花岗岩类；CCG-大陆碰撞花岗岩类；POG-后造山花岗岩类；RRG-与裂谷有关的花岗岩类；CEUG-与大陆陆陆抬升有关的花岗岩类；1-地幔斜长花岗岩；2-破坏性活动板块边缘（板块碰撞前）花岗岩；3-板块碰撞后隆起期花岗岩；4-晚造山期花岗岩；5-非造山区A型花岗岩；6-同碰撞（S型）花岗岩；7-造山期后A型花岗岩
Figure 13. Discrimination diagrams of tectonic setting for granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit (a, b-after reference [42]; c-after reference [43])
IAG-Island arc granite; CAG-Continent-arc granite; CCG-Continent-collision granite; POG-Post-orogenic granite; RRG-Granite related to rift; CEUG-Continent emerging-uplift granite; 1-Mantle plagioclase granite; 2-Granite before plate collision; 3-Uplifted granite after plate collision; 4-Late orogenic granite; 5-A-type granite of nonorogenic area; 6-Syn-collision granite; 7-Post-orogenic A-type granite
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图 16 宫忽洞铜矿硫化物铅同位素的Δβ-Δγ成因分类图解（底图据[53]）
1—地幔源铅；2—上地壳铅；3—上地壳与地幔混合的俯冲带铅（3a、岩浆作用；3b、沉积作用）；4—化学沉积型铅；5—海底热水作用铅；6—中深变质作用铅；7—深变质下地壳铅；8—造山带铅；9—古老页岩上地壳铅；10—退变质铅；Δβ=1000×β/（βM-1），Δγ=1000×γ/（γM-1），β、γ和βM、γM分别为样品和地幔的207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb
Figure 16. Δβ-Δγ genetic classification diagram of lead isotope of sulfides in the Gonghudong copper deposit (base map after [53])
1-Mantle-derived lead; 2-Upper crust lead; 3-Mixed lead of the upper crust and mantle subduction zones (3a Magmatism, 3b Sedimentation); 4-Chemical sedimentary lead; 5-Submarine hydrothermal lead; 6-Medium-high grade metamorphism lead; 7-Lower crust lead of high grade metamorphism; 8-Orogenic belt lead; 9-Upper crust lead of ancient shale; 10-Retrograde metamorphism lead; Δβ=1000×β/(βM-1), Δγ=1000×γ /(γM-1), β and γ are ratios of 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb respectively in samples, βM and γ M are ratios of 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb respectively in mantle
表 1 宫忽洞铜矿花岗斑岩La-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb分析结果
Table 1 La-MC-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analytical data of granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit
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表 2 宫忽洞铜矿花岗斑岩主量元素（%）、微量元素（10-6）分析结果
Table 2 Major (%) and trace (10-6) element values of granite porphyry in the Gonghudong copper deposit
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表 3 宫忽洞铜矿热液方解石碳、氧同位素分析结果（‰）
Table 3 C and O isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal calcite in the Gonghudong copper deposit(‰)
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表 4 宫忽洞铜矿硫化物硫同位素分析结果（‰）
Table 4 Sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfides in the Gonghudong copper deposit(‰)
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表 5 宫忽洞铜矿硫化物铅同位素组成
Table 5 Lead isotopic compositions of sulfides in the Gonghudong copper deposit
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表 6 宫忽洞铜矿硫化物铅同位素特征参数
Table 6 Characteristic parameters of lead isotopic compositions of sulfides in the Gonghudong
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