Major and trace element migration and metallogenic processes of the Xinshuijing U-Th deposit in the Longshoushan metallogenic belt, Gansu Province
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摘要:
新水井铀（钍）矿床位于甘肃省龙首山成矿带，是碱交代型铀矿床的典型代表，其矿体完全产于钠交代蚀变花岗岩中，成矿过程可划分为钠交代蚀变、铀钍矿化和成矿后3个主要阶段。文章对该矿床花岗岩原岩、蚀变岩及矿石开展了系统主微量元素分析，采用Grant等浓度线法探讨了钠交代蚀变和铀钍矿化阶段的元素迁移规律，结果表明：钠交代蚀变阶段为富含Na、Ca、过渡族元素（Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni）、U、Th及CO2、H2O等挥发分的复杂流体，钠交代过程中原岩中的大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba）和部分轻稀土元素（LREE）不同程度带出；而铀钍成矿阶段成矿流体则富集重稀土元素（HREE）、U、Th、PO43-等成分，CO2等挥发分大量逸出。结合前人研究，认为新水井矿床成矿流体可能来自地幔流体和大气降水热液的混合；等挥发分CO2的逸出是新水井矿床最重要的矿质沉淀机制，导致了铀钍矿物和磷酸盐矿物（磷灰石）的共沉淀，而磷灰石的沉淀又促进了以磷酸盐形式搬运的Th元素的沉淀。
Abstract:The Xinshuijing U-Th deposit in the Longshoushan metallogenic belt of Gansu Province is a typical alkali metasomatic U-Th deposit hosted in albitite. The ore-forming processes can be divided into three major mineralization stages, i.e., Nametasomatism, U-Th mineralization and post-ore stage. In this paper, the authors systematically analyzed major and trace elements in less-altered granite, albitite and ore of the Xinshuijing deposit, and discussed the element transportation using the isocon diagram proposed by Grant. During the Na-metasomatism stage, Na, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, U, Th and CO2, H2O were enriched, while large ion lithophile elements and some of the light rare earth elements were depleted. The ore-forming fluids of the U-Th mineralization stage were rich in heavy rare earth elements, U, Th, PO43-, with volatile components (CO2, H2O, F, etc) abundantly escaped. Combined with former studies, the authors hold that the ore-forming fluid was the mixture between the mantle fluid and meteoric water. Vapor escape and the oxygen fugacity decrease seem to have been the major mineralization mechanism, which induced coprecipitation of U-Th minerals and apatite. Th transported in the form of compound phosphate was further precipitated after apatite formation.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 野外采样工作得到了西安蓝天铀业公司韦力高级工程师、张武康工程师、陈晓斌工程师的帮助, 论文成文过程中, 与林锦荣、李月湘研究员及胡志华工程师开展了有益探讨, 审稿专家对论文提出了宝贵修改意见, 谨此致谢! -
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图 2 新水井矿床地质图(a)及2号勘探线剖面图(b)
Figure 2. Geological map of the Xinshuijing deposit (a) and cross?section profile of No. 2 exploration line (b)
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图 3 新水井矿床手标本及镜下显微照片
a—钠交代蚀变岩中的“排硅”现象，溶解的石英后期再沉淀于钠交代蚀变岩局部；b—新水井矿石照片（U含量为522×10-6），全岩蚀变，主要矿物包括钠长石（铁染呈红色）、绿泥石；c—新水井矿床碱交代蚀变岩，主要组成矿物包括钠长石、雪花状方解石、绿泥石、赤铁矿等；d—赤铁矿絮状充填的钠长石边部为新生细粒钠长石沿边部交代（左上），方解石、绿泥石和少量细粒新生钠长石充填于溶蚀矿物（可能主要为石英）而形成的空洞之中（右下）；e—棋盘格状钠长石交代斜长石，后者呈交代残余孤岛，后期方解石脉穿切钠长石；f—绿泥石交代黑云母，与针柱状磷灰石、金红石共生；g—沥青铀矿包裹黄铁矿颗粒产出；h—沥青铀矿呈细脉状沿绿泥石解理和外侧裂隙产出；i—含钍矿物（化学成分接近水氟碳钙钍矿）与磷灰石、绿泥石、锆石沿裂隙充填
Figure 3. Photographs showing ore fabrics and mineral assemblages of the Xinshuijing deposit.
a-dequartzification of the albitite; b-ore sample with U content of 522×10-6; c-typical albitite; d-albite replaced and surrounded plagioclase (upper left), and minor fine-grained albite intergrown with calcite and chlorite filled in the void formed by quartz (or other minerals) dissolution; e-chessboard-shaped albite replaced plagioclase and was cut by the late-stage calcite veins; f-biotite was replaced into chlorite, accompanied by rutile formation and abundant occurrence of rod-like apatite; g-pitchblende surrounding pyrite; h-pitchblende filled in the fractures and cleavage of chlorite; i-Pitchblende and pyrite filling the fractures of albite
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图 5 新水井矿床不同标高样品Th、U关系图(图中包含顾大钊未发表的18组数据。图中实线为线性拟合曲线, 指示拟合优度的可决系数R2=0.74, 后文图相同)
Figure 5. Th versus U relations in samples collected from different levels in the Xinshuijing deposit (The solid line is the linear fit curve, of which the coefficient of determination R2=0.74)
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图 6 钠交代蚀变和铀钍成矿作用过程中元素变异图解
a—钠交代蚀变岩相对原岩的主量元素变异图(原点与Al元素间虚线为无元素带入带出的等质量线, 位于此线上部元素在蚀变过程中得到富集, 下部则被贫化。图中斜率为1虚线为蚀变后总质量不变条件下的等质量线, 后图同); b—铀矿石相对蚀变岩的主量元素变异图; c—钠交代蚀变岩相对原岩的稀土和微量元素变异图; d—铀矿石相对蚀变岩的稀土和微量元素变异图
Figure 6. Isocon diagram showing element enrichment and depletion during Na-metasomatism and U (Th) mineralization
a-Major element variation diagram during Na-metasomatism stage; b-Major element variation diagram in the U (Th) mineralization stage; c-Trace element variation diagram in Na-metasomatism stage; d-Trace element variation diagram in the U (Th) mineralization stage. Note that the line between the original point and Al point marks the isocon with no element enrichment or depletion. Those plotted above the line were enriched, while below depleted
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图 7 新水井矿床中钠交代蚀变岩与矿石中U与P2O5(a)及Th与P2O5(b)相关性图
Figure 7. Relations between U and P2O5 (a) and Th and P2O5 (b)
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图 8 新水井矿床中钠交代蚀变岩和矿石中FeO含量与U含量(a)、Th含量(b)相关性图
Figure 8. Relations between U and FeO (a) and Th and FeO (b) in albitite and ore in the Xinshuijing depositx
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图 9 新水井矿床中钠交代蚀变岩与矿石中δEu与U(a)及δEu与Th(b)相关性图
Figure 9. Relations between δEu and U (a) and δEu and Th (b) in both the albitite and ore in the Xinshuijing deposit
表 1 新水井矿床主微量元素分析样品
Table 1 Sample description for major and trace element analyses in the Xinshuijing deposit
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表 2 新水井矿床蚀变岩、矿石及花岗岩原岩主量元素含量(%)
Table 2 Major element content (%) of the albitite, ore and less-altered granite samples in the Xinshuijing deposit
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 新水井矿床蚀变岩、矿石及花岗岩原岩稀土及微量元素含量(10-6)
Table 3 Rare earth and trace element content (10-6) of albitite, ore and less-altered granite in the Xinshuijing deposit
下载: 导出CSV
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