Petrogenesis and geological significance of the Late Carboniferous granites from Gangou, Central Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang
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摘要:
中天山干沟一带花岗岩广泛分布，前人对北部的眼球状花岗岩和细粒花岗岩进行了精确的SHRIMP定年研究，其侵位年龄分别为428 Ma和361~368 Ma，笔者对干沟南部的晚石炭世花岗岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究，其侵位年龄为（301.2±1.0）Ma。干沟晚石炭世花岗岩属于高钾钙碱性系列，其σ值为2.6~3.22，显示钙碱性与碱性过渡的特点，富集轻稀土元素及Rb、K、Th、La及高场强元素Zr和Hf，亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、P和Ti，显示I型花岗岩及A型花岗岩过渡的特征。与干沟北部较老的花岗岩相比，晚石炭世花岗岩具有较低的（87Sr/86Sr）i（0.704771~0.705451）及较高的εNd（t）（2.14~2.51），显示后造山阶段有较多的新的亏损地幔源区物质的加入。文章认为晚石炭世花岗岩的形成同后造山阶段幔源岩浆底侵有关，同时其形成为该区显生宙存在地壳垂向增生提供了新的证据。
Abstract:Granitoid plutons are widespread in Gangou of Central Tianshan orogen. Previous studies of the augen granite and the fine-grained granite from north Gangou revealed that their SHRIMP U-Pb dating ages were 428 Ma and 361-368 Ma, respectively. Comparatively, zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of the south granitoid pluton in this study yielded the 206Pb/238U age of 301±1.0 Ma. Major and trace elements show that the granites belong to high-K calc-alkaline series, and their σ=2.67-3.22. In addition, they are enriched in LREE, Rb, K, Th, La, Zr and Hf, and depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, P and Ti. They show a transitional features from I-type to A-type. Compared with the Silurian-Devonian granites, late-Carboniferous granits are characterized by lower ISr values (0.704771-0.705451), higher εNd(t) (2.14-2.51) and younger TDM2 (861-891 Ma), suggesting that more new depleted mantel-derived materials contributed to the generation of the granites during post orogen. It is therefore held that the petrogenesis of the late-Carboniferous granites was related to the underplating of the mantle-derived magmas. This study also provides new evidence for Phanerozoic vertical continental crustal growth in the Central Asian orogenic belt.
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Keywords:
- Gangou /
- late Carboniferous /
- granites /
- mantle-derived magma underplating /
- crustal growth
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
松科二井，获取了从基底—火石岭组—沙河子组—营城组—登娄库组下部连续完整的原位岩心。本文对松科二井沙河子组上部的孢粉化石进行研究，为研究白垩纪地球温室气候和环境变化，建立服务“百年大庆”目标和基础地质研究的“金柱子”提供基础资料。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
孢粉样品采自松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m，岩性为黑色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，层位为沙河子组上部。孢粉分析鉴定在吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心完成，具体过程为：每个样品取过筛的干样50 g，进行盐酸→氢氟酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸→硝酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸等分析处理，用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中在试管中，制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
3. 研究结果（Results）
依据松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m井段的孢粉化石演化特征，划分出两个孢粉组合。
（1）Leiotriletes sp.- Cyathidites australis - Chasmatosporites sp.组合（简称LCC组合），分布在3832.94~3901.35m井段。蕨类孢子占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较低，未见被子类花粉。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Cyathidites australis，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyclogranisporites sp.，有时代意义的还有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C. minutaestriatus、C. splendidus、C.australiensis、Klukisporites sp.、Maculatisporites sp.、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites tribotrys、Aequitriradites sp.和Polycingulatisporites reduncus等；裸子类花粉含量最高的是Chasmatosporites sp.，其次是Psophosphaera sp.，有时代意义的类型有Parvisaccites sp.、Erlianpollis minisculus、Paleoconifersp.、Pseudowalchia sp.和Classopollis sp.等。
（2）Klukisporites triangulus- Aequitriradites sp.- Pristinuspollenites sp.组合（简称KAP组合），分布在3395.46~3613.62 m井段。裸子类花粉百分含量（53.03%~72.13%）较高，其次为蕨类孢子（27.87% ~46.97%），未见到被子类花粉。裸子类花粉中含量最高的是Alisporites parvus，其次是Piceaepollenites sp.，含量较高的类型还有Chasmatosporites sp.、Pinuspollenites divulgatus和P. sp.等，有时代意义的还有Parvisaccites otagoensis、Erlianpollis minisculus、E. mediocris、Jiaohepollis sp.和Classopollis classoides等。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Klukisporites sp.，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyathidites australis，含量较高的类型还有Cyclogranisporites sp.等，有时代意义的有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C.apiteretus、C. australiensis、Klukisporites triangulus、K.variegatus、Pilosisporites scitulus、Impardecispora sp.、Levisporites wulinensis、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites humilis、Aequitriradites sp.和Schizaeoisporites sp.等。
含有早白垩世特有或在早白垩世繁盛的分子：Cicatricosisporites、Klukisporites、Pilosisporites、Maculatisporites、Impardecispora、Levisporites、Triporoletes、Trilobosporites、Aequitriradites、Schizaeoisporites、Polycingulatisporites、Parvisaccites、Paleoconiferus、Erlianpollis、Foveotriletes.和Classopollis等（图 1）。
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图 1 松科二井沙河子组部分孢粉化石（1-Cicatricosisporites exilis，样品号：SK2-375；2. -Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus，标品号：SK2-385；3-Cicatricosisporites splendidus，标品号：SK2-385；4-Cicatricosisporites australiensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-375；5-Levisporites wulinensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；6. Aequitriradites sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389; 7-Trilobosporites tribotrys，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389；8- Classopollis classoides，标品号：SK2-97；9-Erlianpollis minisculus，样品号(number)：SK2-395; 10. Parvisaccites sp.，样品号：SK2-395；11. Pilosisporites scitulus，标品号：SK2-201；12-Triporoletes asper，标品号(specimen number)：SK2-219；13. Foveotriletes subtriangulularis，样品号：SK2-219；14-Klukisporites triangulus，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；15-Impardecispora sp.，样品号：SK2-201; 16-Schizaeoisporites polaris，样品号：SK2-173；17-Polycingulatisporites reduncus，标品号：SK2-395；18-Maculatisporites sp.，样品号：SK2-391。19-Chasmatosporites sp.，样品号：SK2-389; 20-Paleoconiferae sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-391;线段比例尺为10 μm, the scale of the line segment is 10 μm）Figure 1. Spores and pollen from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Well SK2上述2个孢粉组合分布在，属沙河子组上部，LCC组合蕨类孢子百分含量占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较少，从组合特点来看，可以与高瑞琪等人建立的沙河子组上部Granulatisporites-Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合大致对比，但上部的KAP组合层位显然高于高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合。与高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合相比，当前孢粉组合出现的有时代意义的孢粉类型更多且时代更新。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
两个孢粉组合海金砂科孢子繁盛，类型多样化，没有发现早期被子植物花粉；虽在蕨类孢子与裸子类花粉的百分含量及属种构成上明显不同，但出现的有时代意义的化石类型基本相同，其时代均为早白垩世早期。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为国家自然科学基金项目（41790451)和中国地质调查局项目（DD20190097）共同资助。孢粉化石由张淑琴研究员鉴定。
致谢: 田亚洲博士、王云鹏硕士、赵一珏硕士在 野外样品采集及实验测试过程中给予了很大帮助， 在此表示衷心感谢！ -
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图 2 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩显微镜下特征
Hb—角闪石；Bi—黑云母；Q—石英；Pl—斜长石；Sp—榍石
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of the late-Carboniferous granites in Gangou
Hb-Hornblende; Bi-Biotite; Q-Quartz; Pl-Plagioclase; Sp-Sphene
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图 3 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩代表性锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 谐和年龄
Figure 3. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age for the zircon grains from the Gangou late-Carboniferous granites
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图 4 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩主量元素的岩石类型图解
Figure 4. Major element diagrams for rock types of the late-Carboniferous granites from Ganguo
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图 6 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩在A型花岗岩判别图解中的位置（据参考文献[25]） I,S—I 型和S型花岗岩分布区；FG—分异的I,S 型花岗岩分布区；OGT—I,S,M型花岗岩分布区
Figure 6. Locations of the the Gangou late-Carboniferous granites in discrimination diagrams for A-type granites (after reference[25]) I,S-Field for I-and S-type granitoids,FG-Field for fractioned I-and S-type granitoids,OGT-Field for I-,S-,and M-type granitoids
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图 7 花岗岩微量元素构造环境判别图（据文献[30]）
VAG—火山弧花岗岩；WPC—板内花岗岩；S-COLG—同碰撞花岗岩；ORG—洋中脊花岗岩,Post-COLG—后碰撞花岗岩
Figure 7. Y-Nb and (Nb+Y)-Rb tectonic discrimination diagram (after reference [33])
VAG-Vocanic arc granites; WPG-Within -plate granites; S-COLG-Syncollisional granites; ORG-Ocean-ridge granites; Post-COLG-Post collisional granites
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图 8 干沟地区花岗岩ISr-εNd(t)图解(a)及侵入年龄-εNd(t)图解(b)
干沟泥盆纪花岗岩据文献[16]，东天山红柳河同造山花岗岩和后造山花岗岩据文献[44]
Figure 8. ISr-εNd(t) diagram (a) and intrusive age (Ma)-εNd(t) diagram (b) for the late-Carboniferous granites from Gangou,the field
for Gangou Devonian granites are from reference [16],the field for syn-orogenic and post-orogenic granites from Hongliuhe, eastern Tianshan are after reference [44]
表 1 干沟托克逊晚石炭世花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄
Table 1 Zircon U-Pb age of the Gangou late-Carboniferous granites
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩的主量元素（%）及微量元素（10-6）分析结果
Table 2 Major (%) and trace elements (10-6) compositions of the Gangou late-Carboniferous granites
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 干沟晚石炭世花岗岩Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd同位素组成
Table 3 Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic composition of the late-Carboniferous granitoids from Gangou
下载: 导出CSV
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