A discussion on some problems concerning deep exploration of mineral resources in South China
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摘要:
华南是中国近百年内矿产资源开发强度比较高的地区，形成了赣南钨矿、桂北锡矿、湘南铅锌矿等一大批老矿山。随着已探明资源的快速消耗，“深地”探测、深部找矿已是大势所趋。基于对华南不同地区、不同类型、不同企业矿山生产情况的了解，文章对矿产资源的深部探测问题，从探测的目标、理论、深度、程度、效益等诸方面加以探讨，认为：当前技术经济条件下，①坚持国家目标、科学目标和人才目标相结合的原则，宜灵活运用各种成矿理论，充分发挥“五层楼+地下室”等勘查模型的作用，把“层状含矿地质体”作为矿产资源深部探测的主要目标；②坚持从已知到未知和由浅入深的原则，重点在老矿区和浅部地质与矿产资源比较清楚的工作程度比较高的地区优先部署工作，既可以降低风险又可以满足现实需要；③宜坚持点面结合的原则，2000 m、3000 m乃至于5000 m深钻的部署，宜相应地部署在矿床、矿田和矿集区工作程度最高的地区，达到立体探测和“透明化”的目的；④坚持综合评价的原则，综合调查、综合评价、综合研究，学科也要综合，避免单打一，避免单学科冒进。以问题为导向，具体问题具体分析，注意合理的探测深度和工作程度，抓住关键，有针对性地布设工作量，才能取得成效。
Abstract:Based on geological research on different regions of South China, different types of mineral deposits and different kinds of production mine enterprises from 1988 to 2016, the author tentatively discusses some key problems concerning deep exploration of mineral resources in such aspects as the target, the theory, the depth, the extent and the efficiency. Under the current technical and economic conditions, the author puts forward some suggestions:firstly, considering the national goal, scientific objectives and personnel, it is necessary to be flexible in the use of various metallogenic theories, to fully use the "Five levels+Basement" exploration model, and to take the potential bedded orebody and layered ore-bearing geological body as the main target in deep exploration of mineral resources. Secondly, according to the principle'from the known to the unknown and from the shallow to the deep', it is necessary to work in the mining areas especially in the orefields and/or ore concentration areas with relatively high degree of shallow geological work and relatively clear understanding of metallogeny, which can reduce the risk and can meet the practical needs. Thirdly, it is necessary to adhere to the principle that the 2000 m, 3000 m 5000 m deep drilling should be deployed in ore deposits, orefields and ore-concentration areas which have the highest degree of favorable geology and prospect so as to achieve the purpose of exploration. Fourthly, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of comprehensive evaluation, comprehensive survey, comprehensive evaluation and comprehensive study, paying attention to the reasonable probing depth and seizing key problem of deep exploration, so as to avoid the rash advance based on single subject of rash. Only in this way can good results be achieved.
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Keywords:
- deep exploration /
- mineral resources /
- comprehensive exploration /
- deep prospecting /
- South China
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
三洲岩位于广东省德庆县九市镇三洲村，属于喀斯特岩溶地貌，“三洲”得名自“蓬莱第三洲”，三洲岩内保存了自宋朝以来的摩崖石刻近百题，因此具有重要的历史、文学以及艺术价值。三洲岩作为一处弥足珍贵的地质遗迹，在2002年正式成为广东省文物保护单位。
三洲岩所在的云开地层小区，地质工作始于20世纪60年代，该地区的灰岩地层呈北东向线性不连续零星出露，这一呈透镜状产出的北东向“灰岩带”长期以来都被认为是罗东组在地表的不连续出露，而三洲岩即是位于该带的一套灰岩地层。2019年笔者在德庆地区开展古生物化石研究的过程中，关注到三洲岩风化面上显示的大量珊瑚及腕足化石，发现其生物面貌与奥陶纪并不吻合，其时代可能需要重新厘定。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过在三洲岩进行详细踏勘，寻找出保存相对完好，并且具有代表性的珊瑚化石。野外观察岩石表面，如果特征明显则直接进行拍照鉴定，如果特征不明或出露角度不好，则取样进行切片鉴定。通常，所观察的珊瑚化石显示出较为强烈的重结晶，微观结构有一定破坏。室内根据样品保存情况利用单反相机或显微镜下拍照两种方式获取照片，对亮度和/或对比度进行了调整以提高其清晰度。
3. 研究结果（Results）
在三洲岩，共采集化石标本32件，制作珊瑚薄片12片，鉴定出不同珊瑚共4属（图 1）。其中，床板珊瑚3属，分别为Thamnopora sp.，Scoliopora sp.和Pachyfavosites sp.。Thamnopora（灌木孔珊瑚）外形呈微树枝状，个体由分枝轴部向四周呈散射状分布，与其表面垂直，横切面为多角形。该属时代跨度较大，在世界各地的晚志留世至三叠纪地层中均有报道。Scoliopora（弯孔珊瑚）的外形为分枝状，萼呈裂隙形或半月形，具有曲线状的边缘，群体轴部的个体横切面为不规则的多角形，床板完整、水平，壁孔多而大，主要见于亚洲和欧洲晚志留世至晚泥盆世地层中。Pachyfavosites（厚巢珊瑚）个体横切面为圆形或浑圆形，壁孔发育，在亚洲、欧洲、澳大利亚和北美等地的中志留世早期至晚泥盆世地层中均有分布。虽然单独来看，这三属的地质时代跨度较大，但更重要的是属的组合，这一组合所反映的是中泥盆世晚期至晚泥盆世早期的特征。此外，三洲岩还产出了时代意义更重要的1属单体四射珊瑚：Temnophyllum（切珊瑚），本属常见于世界各地中泥盆世晚期地层，但在晚泥盆世早期也有出现。四射珊瑚Temnophyllum是中国南方地区中泥盆世晚期东岗岭组的重要标准化石。依据床板珊瑚和四射珊瑚总的组合判断，三洲岩的地质时代应该是中泥盆世晚期。
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图 1 粤西德庆地区三洲岩交通位置图及化石产出情况A—研究区位置及交通情况; B—化石宏观面貌（b代表腕足类，c代表珊瑚）；C —珊瑚化石特征（1~2:Thamnopora sp.；3.: Scoliopora sp.；4~7:Pachyfavosites sp.；8~12:Temnophyllum sp.；线段比例尺均为1 cm）Figure 1. Traffic map of Sanzhouyan, Western Guangdong Province showing location of fossilsA-Location and traffic situation of the study area; B-Characteristics of outcropped fossils(b=brachiopods, c=corals); C-Characteristics of coral fossils(1-2:Thamnopora sp.; 3:Scoliopora sp.; 4-7:Pachyfavosites sp.; 8-12:Temnophyllum sp.; Line scale bar=1 cm)三洲岩的岩性为灰—灰黑色厚层状生物碎屑灰岩，有较为明显的大理岩化。通过查阅相关区调资料，在邻近地区所分布的中泥盆世至晚泥盆世早期地层只有东岗岭组和巴漆组为类似岩性。东岗岭组是一套灰—深灰色中层灰岩、泥灰岩、泥质灰岩夹泥岩的组合序列，该组岩性与厚度均较为稳定，空间上由北向南钙质增多泥质减少，常见腕足、珊瑚、双壳、牙形石等化石，属典型台地环境，时代为吉维特期早期。而巴漆组层位在东岗岭组之上，厚度通常小于50 m，主要为薄层状灰岩和泥质硅质岩互层，含腕足、竹节石和牙形石，代表着一套较深水斜坡-盆地相沉积环境，时代为吉维特期晚期。综合来看，三洲岩的岩性和化石组合特征与东岗岭组更为接近。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）三洲岩采集的32件珊瑚化石标本，经过光面和薄片镜下鉴定，共识别出床板珊瑚3属和四射珊瑚1属，依据珊瑚化石的组合特征判断，三洲岩的地质时代应该为中泥盆世晚期。
（2）通过岩性特征对比、化石组合面貌和邻区地层对比，三洲岩并非属于中奥陶世罗东组，而应重新厘定为中泥盆世东岗岭组。作为广东省文物保护单位、德庆名片的三洲岩，其形成于距今约3.8亿年前。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgements）
感谢审稿专家和编辑老师的支持。
致谢: 本文虽是笔者在华南地质科研工作多年来的一点体会，也是集体工作的结果，并得到多方面的支持，不罗列而一并致谢。其中部分观点与看法可能存在争议，也请读者批评指正。 -
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图 1 湖南郴州柿竹园—野鸡尾矿区地质简图（据文献[34]修改）
Q—第四系；D3s—佘田桥组大理岩；D2q—棋梓桥组白云质大理岩；D2t—跳马涧组砂岩；Z1—震旦系石英砂岩及板岩；γ 5 2-1—细粒斑状黑云母花 岗岩；γ 5 2-2—中粗粒黑云母花岗岩；γ 5 2-3—细粒(少斑)二云母花岗岩；γπ —花岗斑岩；λπ —石英斑岩(属γ 5 2-1浅成相)；βμ —辉绿(玢)岩；Se—绢云 母岩；SK—矽卡岩；Mb-Sn—大理岩化锡矿带；SK-Bi-矽卡岩铋矿带；SK-W-Bi—矽卡岩钨铋矿带；Gs-SK-W-Bi—网脉状云英岩穿插的矽 卡岩钨铋矿带；*—云英岩化；Qt—石英脉；Mt—磁铁矿。虚线为隐伏地质体界线（由钻孔控制）
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the Shizhuyuan-Yejiwei ore district in Chenzhou,Hunan
（after [34]） Q-Quaternary; D3s-Mmarble of Shetianqiao Formation; D2q-Dolomitic marble of Qiziqiao Formation; D2t -Sandstone of Tiaomajian Formation; Z1-Sinian quartz sandstone and slate;γ 5 2-1-Fine grained porphyritic biotite granite;γ 5 2-2-Coarse grained biotite granite;γ 5 2-3-Fine (less spot) two mica granite granite porphyry;λπ -Quartz porphyry (genus hypabyssalγ 5 2-1);βμ -Diabase (porphyry) rocks; Se-Sericite rock; SK-Skarn; Mb-Sn- Marble of tin ore belt; SK-Bi-Skarn bismuth ore belt; SK-W-Bi-Skarn tungsten bismuth ore belt; Gs-SK-W-Bi-Stockwork greisen with skarn tungsten bismuth ore belt; * -Greisenized; Qt -Quartz veins; Mt-Magnetite. The dotted line is the boundary of the hidden geological body (controlled by the borehole)
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图 3 “五层楼＋地下室”勘查模型示意图
Figure 3. Sketch map of prospecting model of“Five levels + Basement”
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图 4 江苏栖霞山铅锌矿地质略图及综合剖面示意图[39] （原图无比例尺）
Figure 4. Generalized section of the Qixiashan Pb-Zn deposit in Jiangsu
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