Deep ore exploration of the Baishaziling tungsten-tin ore district, Dayishan pluton, Hunan
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摘要:
大义山花岗岩体受“大义山式”北西向张扭性断裂构造控制，具多次侵位的特点，与岩体有关的矿产主要为锡多金属矿。本次补勘的白沙子岭锡矿区有云英岩脉型、蚀变岩体型、矽卡岩型等3类锡多金属矿类型。白沙子岭矿段平行排列的矿脉群在平面上整体呈一椭圆形展布，脉群从中间向两侧单脉的长度、厚度、品位逐渐变小，单个脉体从中间向两端厚度、品位逐渐变低。矿脉两端顶底板断层面上见到产状完全相反的擦痕，推断深部存在着一个椭圆形隐伏母岩体，成矿母岩的上部会形成蚀变岩体型矿体。为此本次补勘工作施工了一坑内深钻，上部见到了蚀变岩体型富锡矿体，下部见钨矿，预测深部找矿有较大的找矿前景。
Abstract:Dayishan granite is controlled by the Dayishan NW-trending tenso-shear fault structure, with the multiple intrusion characteristics, and the main mineral deposits related to the granite are tin-polymetallic deposits. There are three types of tin deposits in this prospecting area, i.e., altered greisen vein type, granite type and skarn type. The greisen veins of Baishaziling ore block in the planar alignments exhibit oval distribution on a flat, and the length, thickness and quality of veins taper from the middle part outwards, and so does the single vein. The veins at both ends of roof and floor present opposite scratches, and hence it is concluded that there is an oval concealed mother rock body, with its top forming the granite type. For this study the authors conducted tunnel deep drilling, with rich tin orebody of granite type seen in the upper part, and tungsten orebody seen in the lower part. The authors predict that the deep ore exploration has good prospect.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 感谢中国五矿湖南桂阳锡业有限公司领导对白沙子岭矿区深部找矿勘查的大力支持，感谢湖南省囯土资源厅地勘项目管理办公室对白沙子岭矿区深部找矿勘查的支持和指导。 -
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图 1 大义山地区区域矿产简图
Figure 1. Simplified map of Dayishan area showing distribution of mineral resources
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图 2 重磁推断的大义山—阳明山岩体深部形态图
Figure 2. Map showing the form of deep rock body in Dayishan-Yangmingshan area inferred by gravity and aeromagnetic survey
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图 3 大义山—阳明山W、Sn、Bi、B、Li、F元素地化异常图
Figure 3. Map showing theW,Sn,Bi,B,Li,F elements geochemical anomalies in Dayishan-Yangmingshan area
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图 4 白沙子岭矿区地质简图
1—第四系；2—马栏边组；3—锡矿山组；4—矽卡岩；5—岩前单元；6—小恒单元；7—介头单元；8—地质界线；9—云英岩脉型锡矿脉；10—蚀变花岗岩；11—蚀变岩体型锡矿
Figure 4. Geological sketch map of the Baishaziling ore district
1-Quaternary；2-Malanbian Formation；3-Xikuangshan Formation;4-Skarn; 5-Yanqian unit；6-Xiaoheng unit; 7-Jietou unit；8-Geological boundary；9-Greisen vein-type tin vein；10-Alteredgranite；11-Altered granite tin deposit
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图 6 白沙子岭锡矿区0 线剖面图
Figure 6. Geological section along No. 0 exploration line of the Baishaziling tin ore district
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图 7 白沙子岭矿段PD505 擦痕分布图
Figure 7. The distribution of slickenside in underground tunnel PD505 of Baishaziling ore block
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图 8 白沙子岭矿段坑道擦痕图
Figure 8. The slickenside in underground tunnel of Baishaziling ore block
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图 10 钻孔DZ5002综合柱状简图（1∶500）
Figure 10. The comprehensive columnar section of drill hole DZ5002 (1∶500)
表 1 大义山岩体岩石谱系单位划分❶
Table 1 Subdivision of hierarchical units of the Dayishangranitic intrusion❶
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表 2 白沙子岭矿区主要矿石类型及特征
Table 2 The main type of minerals and characteristics of the Baishaziling tin ore district
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表 3 白沙子岭矿段云英岩脉型锡矿体特征
Table 3 Characteristics of greisen vein-type tin veins in the Baishaziling ore block
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表 4 白沙子岭矿段11号脉厚度品位变化
Table 4 The thickness and grade variation of No. 11 lode in Baishaziling ore block
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