Models and case history studies of deep-penetrating geochemical exploration for concealed deposits in basins
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摘要:
近20年来，越来越多的大型金属矿床在盆地内部及其边缘被发现。传统的勘查地球化学方法对盆地及盆山边缘覆盖区无能为力，深穿透地球化学探测技术为解决盆地及其边缘覆盖区找矿难题提供了一种行之有效的手段。文章通过对沉积砂岩盆地铀矿、火山岩盆地银多金属矿、变质岩盖层铜镍矿和沉积盖层金矿开展探测试验，得出：（1）砂岩型铀矿中活动性铀主要以铀酰络阳离子的形式存在，铀酰络阳离子很容易受地下水运动及蒸发蒸腾作用而发生迁移，迁移通道包括砂岩的孔隙、构造裂隙等，到达地表后，铀酰络阳离子易与土壤中带负电的黏土矿物结合而赋存其中，使用微细粒分离和活动态提取两种方法均能圈定矿致异常；（2）火山岩盆地中，与火山岩近乎同期形成的矿床，矿床形成过程中含矿流体携带成矿元素银、金、铜等沿构造裂隙运移，迁移到地表后被土壤中的黏土矿物所吸附，使用土壤活动态测量和微细粒分离测量均能有效圈定已知矿体，异常直接位于矿体上方；（3）变质岩盆地超基性岩体在侵位过程中，岩体与变质岩接触带将产生大量的构造裂隙，因此当流体通过岩体与围岩接触带时，将携带矿体中铜、镍向上迁移至地表，形成环状异常；（4）洛宁盆地金矿成矿过程中，成矿元素金、银等以络合物、纳米级单质或合金等形式通过流体携带顺着构造破碎带向上迁移，地表岩石风化发生成矿元素解离，后期被黄土覆盖，矿体或岩石解离的化合物或纳米颗粒可以穿过黄土孔隙向上迁移至地表，并赋存于表层黄土的细粒级黏土中，因此采用土壤微细粒分离测量可圈出矿致异常。本文根据深穿透地球化学方法应用效果，异常的形态，并结合盖层的特点，成矿元素的存在形式、迁移方式以及在地表的赋存状态，初步建立了盆地金属矿深穿透地球化学勘查模型，为盆地盖层区地球化学勘查提供了理论与技术支撑。
Abstract:In the past twenty years, more and more mineral deposits were discovered in basins. The traditional geochemical exploration methods are not effective in mineral exploration of concealed deposits in basins. Deep-penetrating geochemistry provides a new approach for exploration in basins. The case history studies from the concealed sandstone-type uranium deposit hosted in a sedimentary basin, the concealed Ag-polymetallic deposit in a volcanic basin, the concealed Cu-Ni deposit in a basin covered by metamorphic rocks and the concealed Au deposit covered by loess have led the authors to reach the following conclusions:(1) Uranium is converted to uranyl ions[UO2]2+ under the oxidizing condition and is easy to migrate under the influence of groundwater movement along sandstone pore structure and tectonic fissures; the uranyl ions are absorbed on clay minerals after migrattion to earth's surface, because clay layers have a net negative charge, which needs to be balanced by interlayer cations; leaching of mobile forms of elements in soils and separation of fine-grained soils can be used to determine the orebodies; (2) The Yueyang Ag-polymetallic deposit was nearly formed in the same period as the volcanic rock; Ore-bearing fluid migrated to earth's surface along tectonic fissures in the formation process of the deposit; mobile forms of metals in ore-bearing fluid were absorbed on clay minerals; leaching of mobile forms of elements in soils and separation of fine-grained soils can be used to determine the orebodies in volcanic basins; anomalies of elements are directly displayed over the blind orebodies; (3) the contact zone between intrusive mass and metamorphic rock generated a lot of tectonic fissures in the process of emplacement of the ultrabasic intrusion; and the fluid would take ore-forming elements Cu and Ni and migrate to earth's surface and form cyclic anomaly; (4) ore-forming elements Au and Ag in the form of complexes, nano-scale elemental or alloy particles taken by fluid migrated upward in the oreforming process of Au deposits in Luoning basin; compound or nanoparticles which dissociated from orebodies or rocks could penetrate loess pores and migrated upward to earth's surface and were absorbed on clay minerals; separation of fine-grained soils can be used to determine the orebodies. In this paper, the authors built deep-penetrating geochemical models for mineral deposits in basins based on application effects, anomaly shapes, characteristics of the covers, occurrences of the ore-forming elements, and migration patterns. The above results will provide theoretical and technical support for geochemical exploration in basins.
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Keywords:
- basins /
- cover /
- concealed deposit /
- deep-penetrating geochemistry /
- nanocrystal /
- migration models
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 2 新疆吐鲁番十红滩地区地球化学采样点位图
Figure 2. Distribution of geochemical sampling sites inShihongtan,Xinjiang
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图 3 元素活动态提取及元素高精度测定实验流水线
Figure 3. The laboratory pipelining systems for the extraction of mobile forms of metals
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图 4 十红滩铀矿试验区活动态提取U地球化学图
Figure 4. Geochemical map of U based on deep-penetrating geochemical results in the Shihongtan U deposit
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图 5 盆地砂岩型铀矿元素迁移模型
Figure 5. Migration model of elements for concealed sandstone-type uranium deposits
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图 7 悦洋火山岩盆地Ag、Au、Cu、As含量投点图
Figure 7. The content distribution of Ag，Au，Cu，As in Yueyang volcanic basin
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图 8 悦洋矿区地气测量Ag、Cu元素含量折线图
Figure 8. The line chart of Ag and Cu content obtained by geogas prospecting in Yueyang volcanic basin
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图 9 福建悦洋银金铜矿元素迁移模型
Figure 9. Migration model of elements for concealed Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit in Shanghang,Fujian
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图 12 洛宁盆地Au、Ag、Cu、Hg元素地球化学图
Figure 12. Geochemical map of Au,Ag,Cu and Hg based on deep-penetrating geochemical results in Luoning Basin
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