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青藏高原东部晚新生代重大构造事件与挤出造山构造体系

张岳桥, 李海龙

张岳桥, 李海龙. 青藏高原东部晚新生代重大构造事件与挤出造山构造体系[J]. 中国地质, 2016, 43(6): 1829-1852. DOI: 10.12029/gc20160601
引用本文: 张岳桥, 李海龙. 青藏高原东部晚新生代重大构造事件与挤出造山构造体系[J]. 中国地质, 2016, 43(6): 1829-1852. DOI: 10.12029/gc20160601
ZHANG Yue-qiao, LI Hai-long. Late Cenozoic tectonic events in east Tibetan Plateau and extrusion-related orogenic system[J]. GEOLOGY IN CHINA, 2016, 43(6): 1829-1852. DOI: 10.12029/gc20160601
Citation: ZHANG Yue-qiao, LI Hai-long. Late Cenozoic tectonic events in east Tibetan Plateau and extrusion-related orogenic system[J]. GEOLOGY IN CHINA, 2016, 43(6): 1829-1852. DOI: 10.12029/gc20160601

青藏高原东部晚新生代重大构造事件与挤出造山构造体系

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 41472178

中国地质调查局地质调查项目 1212011120167

中国地质调查局地质调查项目 12120114002211

详细信息
    作者简介:

    张岳桥, 男, 1963年生, 教授, 博士生导师, 构造地质学专业, 主要从事区域大地构造、新构造与活动构造、盆地构造分析等; E-mail:1203172528@qq.com

  • 中图分类号: P542;P552

Late Cenozoic tectonic events in east Tibetan Plateau and extrusion-related orogenic system

Funds: 

Supported by China National Natural Science Foundation 41472178

China Geological Survey Project 1212011120167

China Geological Survey Project 12120114002211

More Information
    Author Bio:

    ZHANG Yue-qiao, male, born in 1963, professor and supervisor of doctor candidates, engages in neotectonics and active tectonics and basin structure analysis; E-mail:1203172528@qq.com

  • 摘要:

    文章系统梳理了青藏高原东部地区晚新生代重大构造事件的沉积记录、岩浆记录和构造变形响应,重新厘定了青藏运动或横断事件的起始时限,建立了青藏高原东部晚新生代构造演化序列与挤出造山构造体系。研究认为,发生在上新世之前的青藏运动是青藏高原东部最重要的构造作用阶段,起始于距今12~8 Ma,并持续到上新世早期,持续时间达6~8 Ma。在这个构造运动阶段,青藏高原东部地块(川滇地块、川青地块、西秦岭构造带和陇中地块等)有序地向东挤出,受到鲜水河、东昆仑、海原等WNW-ESE向大型断裂左旋走滑运动调节,构造挤出同时伴随地块内部逆冲褶皱变形,导致地壳增厚和高原东缘山脉快速崛起;构造挤出也超越了现今东缘地貌边界,向东扩展导致扬子地块盖层滑脱褶皱,形成龙泉山、大凉山等褶皱构造带。上新世出现的砾石层(东缘前陆地带的大邑砾石层、临夏盆地的积石砾石层、兰州盆地的五泉砾石层等)标志了青藏高原东部差异性构造地貌的形成。上新世晚期至早更新世时期(3.6~1.0 Ma)对应一个构造松弛阶段,青藏高原东部整体进入冰冻时期,沿其东缘发育一系列受正断层控制的南北向伸展断陷盆地,如安宁河谷地、元谋盆地、盐源盆地、滇西北盆地群等,其中加积了以昔格达组为代表的稳定河湖相沉积。发生在早、中更新世之交(距今1.0~0.6 Ma)的昆-黄运动或元谋事件使青藏高原东部地块进一步向东挤出、东缘地壳逆冲增厚和年轻山系加速隆升。晚更新世以来的构造运动称为共和运动或最新构造变动阶段,起始于距今约120 ka,青藏高原东缘构造变形系统出现重大分化,南段川滇菱形地块发生绕喜玛拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动,形成川滇双弧形旋扭构造体系;而中段川青地块的挤出伴随东缘龙门山断裂带的右旋走滑运动和秦岭山系的向东挤出。在这个最新构造变动阶段,青藏高原东部下地壳通道流可能是重要的深部构造驱动因素。

    Abstract:

    This paper revised the chronology of major late Cenozoic tectonic events in east Tibetan Plateau, mostly based on records of stratigraphy in the basins and magmatism and deformation along active fault zones, with the purpose of establishing an evolution history of extrusion-related orogenic system. It is shown that the most important event, as previously named the Qingzang movement, was initiated at 12-8 Ma and lasted to early Pliocene, with a duration of 6-8 Ma. The crustal fragments in east Tibet, such as the Chuan-Dian, Chuan-Qing, Longzhong blocks, were orderly extruded eastward accommodated by large-scale sinistral strike-slip faults like the Xianshuihe, East Kunlun and Haiyuan faults. This eastward extrusion was concomitant with thrusting, which resulted in fast uplift of the ranges along its eastern edges, and went beyond this margin through decollement, generating folds of the cover rocks like the Longquanshan, Daliangshan in the Yangze craton. The deposition of late Pliocene conglomeratic layer, namely the Dayi conglomerates along the eastern foreland zone, the Jishi conglomerates and the Wuquan conglomerates at the northeast corner of Tibet, marked the emergence of contrast geomorphology in this region. Late Pliocene to early Pleistocene (3.6-1Ma) corresponds to a period of tectonically quiescence or relaxation, during which a set of N-S trending rift basins, such as Yuanmu, Yanyuan, and Anninghe, were developed along the eastern margin, and accumulated a series of fluviao-lacustrine facies deposits in these basins. This relaxation stage was followed in Early-Middle Pleistocene (1.0-0.6 Ma) by an important compressional event named the Kun-Huang or Yuanmu event, which caused further uplift of east Tibet. Active faulting pattern in east Tibet has been changed greatly since the late Pleistocene (about 120 Ka), featured along its southwest part by clockwise rotation around the east Himalaya syntax of two sinistral strike-slip fault zones, and along its central north part by a counter clockwise rotation accommodated by dextral strike-slip motion in the Longmenshan fault zone and eastward push of the Qinling range. The lower crustal flow could be a major driven mechanism for the deformation of this most recent stage.

  • 图  1   东亚大陆新生代构造与青藏高原东部新构造位置图(据文献[14]修改)

    Figure  1.   Cenozoic tectonic map of East Asia and location of east Tibet (modified after reference [14])

    图  2   青藏高原东部新生代地质构造简图

    Figure  2.   Simplified map of Cenozoic structural geology in east Tibet

    图  3   青藏高原东部及邻区新构造与活动构造图

    Figure  3.   Neotectonic and active tectonic map of east Tibet and adjacent areas

    图  4   西秦岭北缘地区新生代盆地与磁性地层柱状对比图

    Figure  4.   Correlation of magnetic lithostratigraphy of the Cenozoic foreland basins in northeast Tibet

    图  5   西秦岭地区新近纪盆地分布与磁性地层年龄

    Figure  5.   Distribution of Neogene basins in West Qinling and magneto-stratigraphic ages

    图  6   西秦岭地区典型新近纪盆地地层柱状与磁性地层时代

    Figure  6.   Typical lithostratigraphy and magneto-stratigraphic ages of the Miocene basins in West Qinling

    图  7   川滇菱形活动构造区新构造与活动断裂分布图(yy-盐源盆地;ym-元谋盆地)图中数值代表水系沿断裂错断距离

    Figure  7.   Neotectonics and active faults in the Chuan-Dian active zone. yy: Yanyuan basin; ym: Yuanmu basin. Kilometric numbers indicate the distance of offset streams along fault zones

    图  8   青藏高原东部中北段主要年轻山系快速隆升时代分布图(其他图例同图 2

    Figure  8.   Distribution of active faults and uplift zones in central north part of east Tibet

    图  9   青藏高原东部地区晚新生代主要构造演化阶段示意图

    Figure  9.   Scheme showing episodes and main tectonic events during late Cenozoic in east Tibet

    图  10   青藏高原东部地区左旋走滑与挤出造山作用对比图(其他图例同图 2

    a-海原断裂左旋走滑与东端宁南弧形褶皱带与六盘山逆冲断裂带;b-东昆仑断裂左旋走滑运动与东端岷山-龙门山逆冲构造作用;c-鲜水河断裂左旋走滑运动及其东端逆冲褶皱作用

    Figure  10.   Comparison of sinistral strike-slip faulting and extrusion-related orogenic systems in east Tibet

    a-Haiyuan sinistral strike-slip fault and its eastward transfer into the south Ningxia curved fold zone and to the Liupan Shan fault zone; b-East Kunlun sinistral strike-slip fault and its eastward transfer to oblique thrusting along the Minshan and Longmenshan fault zone. c-Xianshuihe sinistral strike-slip fault and its eastward transfer to crustal thrusting and folding

    图  11   青藏高原东部西南段晚新生代块体运动学及其转换

    a-新近纪晚期-上新世早期块体挤出构造和东部挤出造山作用;b-晚第四纪以来围绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转运动

    Figure  11.   Change in block kinematics of the southwest part of east Tibet during Late Cenozoic

    a-Late Miocene to Early Pliocene extrusion-related orogenic system; b-Clockwise rotation around the east Himalaya syntax and sinistral strike-slip faulting in late Quaternary

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2016-07-07
  • 修回日期:  2016-09-29
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-09-25
  • 刊出日期:  2016-12-24

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