Geology and metallogenic process of large and super-large gold deposits in South America
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摘要:
金是南美洲仅次于铜的优势矿种，据美国地质调查局统计，2016年秘鲁金矿储量2800 t，巴西金矿储量2400 t，智利仅公布到2014年金矿储量3900 t。通过对南美安第斯成矿带和南美地台金矿地质背景分析，根据对31个大型-超大型金矿的综合研究，剖析斑岩型、浅成低温热液型、IOCG型、造山型等不同类型金矿床的时空分布、地质特征，梳理重要成矿区特征，摸清区域构造岩浆-成矿作用演化的关系，为以后在南美洲金矿的勘查开发提供科学依据。在安第斯成矿带，金成矿作用与太平洋板块向南美大陆板块的俯冲密切相关，大型-超大型金矿类型主要是以浅成低温热液型，以及与铜共生的斑岩型、IOCG型矿床为主，大规模金成矿作用集中在新生代，形成了众多世界著名的金矿床。南美地台成矿带位于亚马孙陆块边缘，受古元古代（2.5~1.8 Ga）Trans-Amazonian旋回影响，经历了反复俯冲造山运动，大型-超大型金矿以造山带型金矿为主，主要成矿期在太古宙-新元古代。南美的金资源相当丰富，未来具有巨大的勘查开发潜力。
Abstract:Gold is a dominant mineral species in South America, whose importance is only second to that of copper. According to gold reserves statistics from the USGS, the gold reserves were 2800 tons in Peru and 2400 tons in Brazil in 2016, and 3900 tons in Chile in 2014. The main 31 large and superlarge gold deposits were comprehensively studied in this paper on the basis of the geological background analysis of gold deposits in South American Andean metallogenic belt and South American platform. The spatial and temporal distribution and geological characteristics of gold deposits, such as porphyry copper-gold deposits, epithermal gold deposits, IOCG gold deposits, and orogenic gold deposits, were analyzed in detail. The authors rearranged the characteristics of the metallogenic region and found out the relationship between regional tectonic magmatic and mineralization evolution, with the purpose of providing scientific basis for future exploration and exploitation of gold mines in South America. In the Andean metallogenic belt, the gold mineralization was closely related to the subduction of the Pacific plate to the South American Plate. The large and superlarge gold deposits are mainly porphyry copper-gold deposits, epithermal gold deposits, IOCG gold deposits and so on. The main gold mineralization is concentrated in the new generation, forming a number of famous gold deposits in the world. In the South America platform, the gold metallogenic belt is located at the edge of the Amazonian block and was influenced by the Trans-Amazonian cycle in Paleoproterozoic (2.5-1.8 Ga), which had undergone repeated subduction and orogeny. The large and superlarge gold deposits are main orogenic gold deposits. The metallogenic period is mainly the Archean-Late Proterozoic period. The gold resources are quite rich in South America, and it has great potential for exploration and exploitation in the future.
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Keywords:
- gold deposit /
- South America /
- mineralization /
- superlarge gold deposit /
- Andean metallogenic belt
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
通过实施2020年四川省自然资源厅省政府性投资地质勘查项目，对沐川地区上二叠统宣威组底部泥岩中赋存的稀有、稀土、稀散元素进行调查评价，了解“三稀”元素含量与找矿前景，希望在“三稀”找矿方面取得突破性进展，为乌蒙山贫困地区脱贫提供技术服务和支撑产业规划、扶贫开发提供资源保障。
2. 研究方法(Method)
主要采用了1∶10000地质填图、1∶500矿化带剖面测量、探槽工程、钻探工程、采样与测试分析等方法，对上二叠统宣威组底部的富镓泥岩进行了初步研究。
3. 研究结果(Results)
沐川地区位于扬子陆块西缘(图 1a)，峨眉山大火成岩省中带(图 1b)。研究区位于五指山背斜核部，其核部地层为上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩(P3e)，两翼向两侧依次出露上二叠统宣威组(P3x)、三叠系(T)、侏罗系(J)等(图 1c)。镓矿层产出于峨眉山玄武岩组(P3e)顶部、宣威组(P3x)底部的紫红色铁质泥岩、灰白色铝质泥岩、浅灰绿色泥岩、灰色泥岩、浅灰绿色泥岩及深灰色炭质泥岩中，呈层状分布，层位稳定(图 1d)；找矿标志：峨眉山玄武岩组与宣威组(P3x)的平行不整合界线之上，具“成矿界面”特征，颜色上有明显的紫红色、灰白色、灰色及深灰色等，特别是具有特征的紫红色，宏观上易识别；根据地球化学图解判别显示，其成矿物质来源有可能来源于峨眉山玄武岩及峨眉山地幔柱演化末期喷发的火山灰。
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图 1 沐川地区构造位置图(a)，峨眉山玄武岩分布简图(b)，区域地质简图(c)及镓矿层产出层位示意图(d)Figure 1. Structural location map of Muchuan area(a), Simplified geological map showing distribution of the Emeishan basalts(b), Regional geological map of Muchuan area(c) and Schematic diagram of gallium ore occurrence horizon(d)采集钻孔岩心1/2切分样品，送样至自然资源部成都矿产资源监督检测中心采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行测试分析，结果显示ZK01钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位104 μg/g，矿层厚度6.27 m；ZK02钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位68.1 μg/g，矿层厚度8.67 m；ZK03钻孔镓(Ga)平均品位55.3 μg/g，矿层厚度13.87 m；三个工程的镓(Ga)平均品位为75.8 μg/g，平均厚度9.60 m。可以看出，沐川地区宣威组底部的泥岩中镓(Ga)品位较高，厚度较大，达到了中国现行的Ga矿资源工业指标要求(30 μg/g)。
4. 结论(Conclusion)
经初步估算沐川地区镓(Ga)资源量可达数万吨到数十万吨，有望找到超大型镓矿床(＞2000 t) 的潜力。沐川地区峨眉山玄武岩分布面积较广，为镓的富集成矿提供了丰富的物源。经地质填图及工程取样显示，宣威组底部富镓泥岩层厚度大，分布面积广泛，镓元素含量较高，具有巨大的找矿潜力。研究宣威组底部“三稀”元素成矿特征有助于中国在战略性关键矿产找矿方面取得重大突破，对地方国民经济发展具有重要意义。
5. 基金项目(Fund support)
本文为四川省自然资源厅2020年省政府性投资地质勘查项目(DZ20 2002)和四川省自然资源厅科技项目(kj-2022-6)资助成果。
致谢: 在成文过程中，与中国地质调查局发展研究中心邱瑞照研究员、陈秀法教授级高级工程师、张潮博士进行了有益的讨论；非常感谢审稿专家提出了宝贵建议，使本文表述更加严谨，内容更加充实，在此一并表示衷心感谢。 -
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图 1 南美地质构造分区略图（转张潮，2017）
Figure 1. Sketch map showing division of tectonics in South America
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图 2 南美大型-超大型典型金矿床分布示意图
1－乔科；2－梅里安；3－罗斯贝尔；4－古鲁皮；5－卡拉加斯；6－塞拉佩拉达；7－索西戈；8－莫罗韦洛；9－诺瓦利马；10－马尔托尔；11－波特沃勒；12－加莱诺；13－亚纳科查；14－北拉古纳斯；15－皮里纳；16－夸霍内；17－塞拉戈达；18－埃尔佩尼翁；19－拉科伊帕；20－隆伯马尔特；21－坎德拉利亚；22－马里昆加；23－坎佩切；24－塞罗卡塞尔；25－帕斯卡拉玛；26－帕斯卡；27－埃尔印迪奥；28－洛斯佩拉姆布雷斯；29－埃尔特尼恩特；30－阿伦布雷拉；31－贝拉德罗
Figure 2. Sketch map of distribution of typical large and superlarge gold deposits in South America
1-Choco; 2-Merian; 3-Rosebel; 4-Gurupi; 5-Carajás; 6-Serra Pelada; 7-Sossego; 8-Morro Velho; 9-Novalima; 10-Marmato; 11-Portovelo; 12-Galeno; 13-Yanacocha; 14-Lagunas Norte; 15-Pierina; 16-Cuajone; 17-Sierra Gorda; 18-El Penon; 19-La Coipa; 20-Lobo-Marte; 21-Candelaria; 22-Maricunga; 23-Caspiche; 24-Cerro Casale; 25-Pascua Lama; 26-Pascua; 27-El Indio; 28-Los Pelambres; 29-El Teniente; 30-Alumbrera; 31-Veladero
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图 3 莫罗韦洛（Morro Velho）金矿区域地质图（据Vial et al., 2007）
Figure 3. Regional geological map of Morro Velho gold mine (after Vial et al., 2007)
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图 4 莫罗韦洛（Morro Velho）矿区第25号水平开采面截面图（据Vial et al., 2007）
Figure 4. Horizontal section of level 25 of the Morro Velho gold mine (after Vial et al., 2007)
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图 5 智利埃尔印第奥（El Indio）金矿地质与剖面图（卢民杰等，2013❶）
Figure 5. Geological map and geological section of the El Indio gold mine (after Lu et al., 2013)
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图 6 波特沃勒地区岩石构造图（Thournout et al., 1996）
1－酸性熔岩及碎屑岩；2－流纹岩；3－安山岩类；4－变质岩类；5－环状构造；6－断裂；7－矿化带
Figure 6. Petrologic-tectonic map of Portovelo district(after Thournout et al., 1996)
1-Acid lava and clastic rocks; 2-Rhyolite; 3-Andesite; 4-Metamorphic rocks; 5-Circular structures; 6-Fault; 7-Mineralized zone
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图 7 波特沃勒地区地质剖面图(Thournout et al., 1996)
1－酸性熔岩流和火山碎屑岩；2－流纹岩体；3－三叠纪安山岩；4－塞里克组；5－变质岩；6－断裂；7－矿化带；8－主要蚀变带界线
Figure 7. Geological section of Portovelo district(after Thournout et al., 1996)
1-Acidic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks; 2-Rhyolitic rocks; 3-Triassic andesite; 4-Celica formation; 5-Metamorphic rocks; 6-Fault; 7-Mineralized zone; 8-Boundary of main alteration zone
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图 8 坎德拉利亚区域地质简图（据毛景文等，2102）
Figure 8. Regional geological sketch map of Candelaria (after Mao et al., 2012)
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图 9 坎德拉利亚剖面示意图（据毛景文等，2102）
Figure 9. Sketch map of geological section of Candelaria (after Mao et al., 2012)
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图 10 埃尔特尼恩特铜-金矿床地质简图（据王佳新等，2015）
Figure 10. Geological sketch map of the El Teniente Cu-Au mine (after Wang et al., 2015)
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图 11 巴西卡拉加斯地区Sossego/Sequerinho矿区地质图（a）及地质剖面图（b）（据曾勇等，2013）
1－辉长岩；2－环斑花岗岩；3－花岗岩；4－长英质变质火山岩；5－铁镁质变质火山岩；6－混合花岗岩－片麻岩杂岩；7－矿化带投影区；8－矿化角砾岩带；9－阳起石(角闪石－绿帘石相)矿化蚀变带；10－磁铁矿矿化蚀变带；11－黑云糜棱岩；12－石英脉；13－断层
Figure 11. Geological sketch map (a) and geological section (b) of the Sossego/Sequerinho mine in Carajás (after Zeng et al., 2013)
1-Gabbro; 2-Rapakiwi granite; 3-Granite; 4-Felsic metavolcanics; 5-Mafic metavolcanics; 6-Migmatitic granite and gneiss complex; 7-Mineralized zone projection area; 8-Mineralized breccia belt; 9-Actinolite(amphibolite -epidote facies)mineralization alteration zone; 10-Magnetic mineralization alteration zone; 11-Biotite mylonite; 12-Quartz vein; 13-fault
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图 12 亚纳科查矿床地质图（据Teal et al., 2010）
Figure 12. Geological sketch map of Yanacocha mine (after Teal et al., 2010)
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图 13 亚纳科查矿床地质剖面图（据Teal et al., 2010）
Figure 13. Geological section of the Yanacocha mine (after Teal et al., 2010)
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图 14 南美重要金矿成矿区示意图
Figure 14. Sketch map of important metallogenic areas of gold deposits in South America
表 1 南美大型-超大型典型金矿床（储量大于100 t）
Table 1 List of typical large and superlarge gold deposits in South America
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