The progress in the investigation and study of global deep-sea polumetallic nodules
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摘要:
随着全球经济的发展，世界各国都面临着严峻的资源危机，而开发利用深海固体矿产资源已成为许多国家的重要选择。人们越来越意识到，海洋已经成为实现新世纪人类社会经济可持续发展的重要空间。随着中国大洋调查的进展，有必要系统梳理世界国际海域深海多金属结核资源调查历程、研究现状及进展。深海多金属结核资源作为可能是海底分布最广、储量最大的金属资源，历来得到国际和国内学者的广泛关注。近几十年的调查和估算表明，全球海洋中大约覆盖了54×106 km2的多金属结核，有商业开采潜力的资源量达75×109 t。但是很多海域涉及到具体区域性的资源调查工作还有待开展，同时在新的理论认识如热液成因和生物化学作用在多金属结核形成过程中的影响以及如何使金属提取过程更加绿色环保和科学高效等学科已经逐渐成为各国学者关注的新方向。中国应该合理有效开展具有针对性的多金属结核调查，争取使中国在深海海域矿产资源的调查和开发工作中走在国际前列。
Abstract:With the global economic development, almost all countries are faced with a serious strategic resource crisis, and the exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources including polymetallic nodules has become a reasonable and effective way to solve this problem. With the progress of China's ocean survey, it is necessary to review the progress, status and future of polymetallic nodules resources. Deep-sea polymetallic nodule resources have attracted much attention among experts all over the world because they are the most widely distributed and most abundant metal resources in the sea floor. The occurrence of bacteria in manganese nodules is recognized and there is a general understanding that their activity may influence the formation of manganese oxide minerals.However, whether microbial activity just modifies Mn nodules or whether their activity is essential for nodule formation is still a matter of debate. The importance of metals contained in polymetallic nodules for the world economy is reflected in their patterns of consumption, their availability as primary or by-product ores in land-based deposits, and their use for merging high-and greentech applications. The research on polymetallic nodules should be carried out effectively so as to make China the leader in this field.
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Keywords:
- deep-sea resources /
- polymetallic nodule /
- research status
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图 1 东太平洋CC区多金属结核调查区分布图（图片来源：isa.org.jm）
Figure 1. Distribution of Clarion-Clipperton Zone Exploration Areas for Polymetaliic Nodules (from isa.org.jm)
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图 2 联合国国际海底管理局中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会多金属结核勘探合同区
Figure 2. Clarion-clipperton zone exploration areas for Polymetallic Nodules
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图 3 联合国国际海底管理局中国五矿集团多金属结核勘探合同区
Figure 3. Clarion-clipperton zone exploration areas for Polymetallic Nodules
表 1 世界主要海底多金属结核资源区各主要金属元素含量（Petersen S et al., 2016）
Table 1 Mean content of selected elements of manganese nodules in various locations(after S.Petersen et al., 2016)
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表 2 全球重要金属元素产量排名表（据Hein et al., 2013b）
Table 2 Leading global metal producers (after Hein et al., 2013b)
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表 3 CC区多金属结核与全球陆地相应金属储量对比(据Hein et al., 2013a)
Table 3 Nodules reserve from CCZ compared with Global Lands based reserve (after Hein et al., 2013a)
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