The control of neo-tectonic activity over geothermal resource in the Taxkorgan Basin on the northeastern margin of the Pamir
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摘要:
帕米尔东北缘位于青藏高原西北部，是新构造运动最强烈的地区之一。受控于公格尔拉张断裂作用的塔什库尔干盆地，活动构造强烈，高的大地热流值和丰富的地下水，使其具备地热资源形成的地质构造和水文条件。基于塔什库尔干盆地北部的曲曼地区地质构造、湖相地层年代学调查研究，该地区发育晚更新世的NNE向f1和f2正断层以及第四纪沉积物之下存在隐伏的近EW向的断层f3。这3条断层是塔什库尔干断裂在不同构造演化时期形成的次级断层。结合EH-4电磁成像和钻孔及抽水试验等资料表明NNE向f1和f2正断层是地热系统的导水通道，而近EW向f3断层为导热通道。该地区地热模式是大地热流为热源-地下水深循环逐渐加热-构造控水和控热。
Abstract:The northeastern Pamir on the northwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the regions with strong neotectonic movement. Located in the northeastern Pamir, the Taxkorgan basin is controlled by regional Kongur tensile faulting. The strong neotectonism, high terrestrial heat and abundant underground water of the basin constitute the regional tectonic and hydrogeological conditions for geothermal resources. Tectonic investigation in Quman area of northern Taxkorgan basin indicates the NNE-striking normal faults of f1 and f2 were active in late Quaternary whereas the subtle EW-striking fault of f3, whose nature was different in different structural stages, was developed only below the Quaternary sediments. These faults are the secondary fractures of Tashkorgan fault formed in different tectonic episodes. Based on the data of geological structure, age model of the section of the lacustrine deposits, EH-4 electromagnetic image and drilling, the authors hold that the NNE-striking normal faults were conduit-pipe and EW-striking thrust fault was heat conduction pathway. The atmospheric precipitation from the surrounding areas of the basin was heated by convection heating along the intersection of the different striking faults. The geothermal model involves heat source from terrestrial heat flow, gradually heating of deep circulated underground water and tectonic control of water and heat.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
勘探实践证明，志留系是我国目前最为有利、最有前景的页岩气勘探开发层系，已在四川盆地的涪陵、长宁—威远等地区取得了页岩气重大突破，进入商业开发阶段。基础地质调查表明，四川盆地周缘地区志留系黑色页岩发育，尤其是鄂西—渝东北地区，志留系底部龙马溪组富含笔石黑色页岩发育，厚度大，页岩有机质丰度高，生烃潜力大。20世纪80年代以来，中石化、中石油实施的常规油气钻井，在志留系龙马溪组均见到了不同程度的页岩气显示，展示了其良好的页岩气勘探前景，但目前尚未取得突破性的进展。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过野外地质调查、老井复查、分析测试及综合研究，结合区域构造特征、岩相古地理、目的层埋深等条件，对鄂西—渝东北地区志留系龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件进行了系统的研究，以保存条件为核心，优选鄂西建始—巴东志留系页岩气勘查有利区，在建始龙坪背斜南翼部署实施了1口地质调查井——建地1井，全井段进行了取心、气测录井，和测井工作。通过对建地1井志留系龙马溪组、新滩组、罗惹坪组岩心样品进行系统采样，测试了有机地化、岩石矿物学、储层物性和含气性等评价参数，建立了志留系页岩气综合地质剖面。
3. 研究结果（Results）
建地1井钻探资料揭示志留系自上而下发育纱帽组、罗惹坪组、新滩组和龙马溪组。其中龙马溪组和下伏上奥陶统五峰组为一套富含笔石的黑色页岩，厚度为43.7 m。实验测试分析表明，五峰—龙马溪组页岩有机质丰度高，介于0.2% ~11.24%，平均为4.39%，其中TOC>2%的页岩厚度至少25 m，主要位于龙马溪组底部和五峰组（图 1）。页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型，热成熟度（Ro）介于2.5%~2.9%，处于过成熟早期阶段。新滩组为一套薄—中层状灰色—深灰色粉砂岩或泥质粉砂岩。岩心储层物性研究数据表明，粉砂岩孔隙度介于5.6%~11.24%，储层空气渗透率介于0.0455~1.6712 mD，平均为0.777 mD，为典型的致密砂岩储层。其上覆罗惹坪组为一套厚层状深灰绿色泥岩，渗透率普遍低于10-6mD。综合以上，建始地区志留系发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）致密砂岩气的生储盖组合，具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气同生共存的成藏组合。
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图 1 建地1井志留系综合柱状图Figure 1. Comprehensive columnar section of the Silurian strata in Jiandi 1 well建地1井随钻气测录井资料显示，该井钻至1345 m下志留统新滩组深灰色泥页岩地层时，气测全烃0.09%↑21.5%，甲烷0.087%↑19.89%，现场泥浆脱离气点火成功。其中1190~1738 m全烃异常值大于大于2%的地层累计厚93 m（图 1），综合解释为含气层。这是鄂西—渝东北复杂构造区志留系首次获得致密砂岩气发现，有望打开该地区油气勘探开发新局面。另外，该井钻至井深1738.55~1782.25 m五峰龙马溪组黑色页岩时，全烃异常值0.93%~ 11.07%，甲烷0.55%~9.70%。黑色页岩富含笔石化石，岩心浸水气泡明显，21个岩心样品现场解析含气量平均达0.92 m3（不含损失气、残余气）。建地1井钻探证实了建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）建地1井钻探揭示湖北建始地区发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）的致密砂岩气生储盖组合。五峰—龙马溪组富有机质页岩厚度大、有机质丰度高，热成熟度适中，生烃能力好；新滩组为典型的致密砂岩储层。志留系具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气共存的特点。
（2）随钻气测录井资料显示，建地1井新滩组致密砂岩储层、五峰—龙马溪组页岩储层均见到良好的油气显示，揭示建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为中国地质调查项目鄂西页岩气示范基地拓展区战略调查（DD20189812）资助的成果。感谢翟刚毅、石砥石教授级高工的指导和帮助。
致谢: 感谢审稿专家和编辑部老师对本文提出的宝贵建议。 -
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图 1 帕米尔东北缘及其邻区地理位置DEM阴影解译图（据陈杰等, 2011, 2016；略作修改）
GF—公格尔拉张系；KKF—喀喇昆仑走滑断裂；KXF—喀拉喀什断裂；MPT—主帕米尔逆冲断裂；PFT—帕米尔前缘褶皱-逆冲断层带；MJF—木吉断层；MSTF—慕士塔格断裂；THF—塔合曼正断层；TSF—塔什库尔干正断层；XDF—辛迪断层；TBF—图巴什断层；MB—木吉盆地；BB—布伦口盆地；SB—苏巴什盆地；TB—塔合曼盆地；TSB—塔什库尔干盆地；GPS速度矢量蓝箭头数据来自Yang等(2008)，黄箭头数据来自Zubovich等(2010); 红色圈代表地震震中
Figure 1. DEM Shadow interpretation chart of Pamir northeast edge and adjacent areas (modified from Chen Jie et al., 2011, 2016)
GF-Kongur tensile faulting; KKF-Karakorum strike-slip fault; KXF: Kara kashgar fault; MPT-Pamir thrust faults; PFT-Pamir fold -thrust fault zone; MJF-Muji fault; MSTF-Mushitage nornal fault; THF-Taheman normal fault; TSF-Taxkorgan normal fault; XDF-Xindi fault; TBF-Tubashi fault; MB-Muji basin; BB-Bulunkou basin; SB-Subashi basin; TB-Taheman basin; TSB-Taxkorgan country basin; Blue GPS vectors data from Yang et al., 2008, Yellow GPS vectors data after Zubovich et al., 2010; Red circle represents earthquake epicenter
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图 2 塔县盆地北部曲曼地区地质构造图
(据塔什库尔干地区1:25万区域地质调查图及报告（2004）和笔者野外地质调查资料)
1—全新世冰碛物；2—全新世冲洪积物；3—更新世湖相沉积物；4—更新世冰碛物；5—更新世坡积物；6—更新世冲洪积物；7—三叠纪—侏罗纪沉积物；8—早古生代变质岩；9—花岗岩体；10—正断层；11—更新世以来已经停止活动的断裂；12—隐伏断裂；13—EH4电磁成像区；14—居民区；15—河流；MSTF—公格尔拉张系南段的慕士塔格正断层；XDF—辛迪断裂；TBF—图巴什断裂Figure 2. Geological structural map of Quman region in northern Taxkorgan basin
(after 1:250, 000 Regional Geological Map and Report of Tashikuergan, 2004 and the authors'field work)
1-Holocene-moraine; 2-Holocene diluvium; 3-Pleistocene lacustrine sediments; 4-Pleistocene glacial till; 5-Pleistocene vicious accumulated filth; 6-Pleistocene and diluvium; 7-Triassic - Jurassic sediment; 8-Early palaeozoic metamorphic rock; 9-Granitic pluton; 10-Normal fault; 11-Buried fault; 12-Residential area; MSTF-Muztagh Ata normal fault of south part of Kongur tensile faulting; XDF-Xindi fault; TBF-Tubashi fault![]()
图 3 塔县盆地湖相沉积物深度-年龄转换模式和沉积速率图
（石笋δ 18O数据据Wang et al., 2008）
LGM—末次冰盛期(26~19 Cal ka B.P.)；1—中砂；2—细砂；3—粉砂；4—粉砂质黏土；5—贝壳化石和炭屑的取样位置；6—光释光取样及年龄位置Figure 3. Age model of the studied section of the lacustrine deposits in the Taxian basin
(stalagmite δ 18O data after Wang et al., 2008)
LGM:Last Glacial Maximum (26-19 Cal ka B.P.); 1-Medium sand; 2-Fine sand; 3-Silt; 4-Silty clay; 5-Sampling point of fossil seashells and carbon bits; 6 - Sampling and age point for optical stimulation![]()
图 4 塔县盆地北部曲曼地热田断裂特征
a—湖相地层中发育的f1正断层；b—湖相地层下伏基岩中发育的f2正断层；c—湖相地层下伏基岩中发育的f1正断层；d—f3断层的逆冲特征（断裂位置及地层代号见图 2所示）
Figure 4. Geothermal field fracture characteristics of Quman in the north of Taxkorgan basin
a-Normal fault f1 in lacustrine strata; b-Normal fault f2 in basement rock under lacustrine strata; c-Normal fault f1 in basement rock under lacustrine strata; d-The thrust fault f3(fault location and stratigraphic code as shown in Fig. 2)
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图 5 EH-4不同测深反演平面图(测量范围见图 2)
1—钻孔位置和编号；2—视电阻率（Ω•m）等值线；3—老断层控制的地热范围；4—活动构造控制的地热范围；5—低阻区代号；6—500m深度的EH-4反演平面图；7—正断层；8—逆断层和推测逆断层
Figure 5. EH-4 different depths inversion floor plan (measuring range as shown in Fig. 2)
1-Drill hole and its serial number; 2-Apparent resistivity (Ω•m) contour; 3-The old fault control of geothermal area; 4-Range of geothermal active tectonic control; 5-Low apparent resistivity zone; 6-500 m depth inversion EH - 4 floor plan; 7-Normal fault; 8-Thrust fault and blind thrust fault
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表 1 新疆塔县湖相地层碳屑的AMS14C测年结果
Table 1 AMS14C dating results of carbon deposits in the lacustrine strata of Taxian County, Xinjiang
下载: 导出CSV
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