A study of genetic type characteristics and important distribution zones of global iron deposits
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摘要:
中国是全球铁矿石第一消费大国，每年进口铁矿石量已超过9亿t，进口量超过全球铁矿石贸易量的60%，对全球铁矿主要类型特征及重要分布区带总结和潜力分析研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文总结了全球铁矿资源的禀赋特征，将全球铁矿床分为BIF相关型、沉积型、火山成因型、岩浆型、接触交代-热液型（矽卡岩型）5种成因类型，重点总结分析了BIF相关型和火山成因型铁矿地质特征、成因和找矿标志等。根据铁矿床产出的大地构造单元、地层层序、含矿建造特征及矿床类型、成矿时代等综合因素，在全球主要大地构造单元中共圈出33个铁矿分布区，47个铁矿重要分布区带，并对各重要分布区带的资源潜力进行了探讨。
Abstract:China is the world's largest consumer of iron ore. The annual import of iron ore has exceeded 900 million tons, and its imports exceed 60% of the global iron ore trade volume. The summarization and potential analysis of global iron ore type characteristics and important distribution zones are of important theoretical and practical significance. This paper sums up the endowment characteristics of global iron ore resources. The authors divide global iron deposits into five genetic types:BIF-related, sedimentary, volcanic, magmatic, and contact-hydrothermal (skarn) deposits, with the emphasis placed on the analysis of geological characteristics of BIF-related and volcanic iron ore deposits as well as genesis and prospecting indicators. According to the comprehensive factors such as tectonic units, stratigraphic sequence, ore-bearing structure characteristics, deposit types and metallogenic ages of iron ore deposits, a total of 33 iron ore distribution areas and 47 important distribution belts of iron ore deposits are delineated in the major geotectonic units of the world. In addition, the resource potential of each important distribution belt is discussed.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素，其地壳丰度为1.5×10-6，主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示，闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物，但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10-6)外，其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型，SEDEX；火山块状硫化物型，VMS；密西西比河谷型，MVT，等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常 < 300×10-6。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象，现报道如下。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
在细致深入的矿床学和矿物学研究基础上，利用激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对竹林沟锌矿床主要金属矿物闪锌矿进行原位微量元素组成分析。统计闪锌矿中Ge等元素的富集特征，结合相关分析和以往研究成果，揭示竹林沟锌矿床中Ge的超常富集机制。
3. 研究结果(Results)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量为592×10-6~1100×10-6(平均764×10-6，表 1)，锌矿石中Ge的平均品位97.9×10-6。闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料显示，扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT铅锌矿床，如牛角塘、会泽、毛坪、富乐等，其闪锌矿中Ge的含量均 < 652×10-6，即便富乐矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量最高，但其平均含量也仅为191×10-6，明显比竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)低。
表 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿部分元素含量(10-6)Table 1. The part elemental contents of sphalerite from the Zhulingou Zn deposit(10-6)
与世界上主要类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料相比，竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比SEDEX(Ge含量通常 < 50×10-6)、VMS(Ge含量多数 < 100×10-6)和MVT(Ge含量n×10-6~n×102×10-6，Ge平均含量 < 300×10-6)等闪锌矿中Ge的含量高出一个数量级。竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量与法国Noailhac-Saint Salvy热液脉型Zn-Ge-Ag-Pb-Cd矿床(Ge平均含量750×10-6)和玻利维亚Porco浅成热液型Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn-Ge矿床(n×102×10-6~2500×10-6)等少数类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)相当。
可见，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比目前已知扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)都高，且明显高出全球主要类型(除岩浆热液型和热液脉型外)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)一个数量级，具有显著超常富集特征(接近Ge地壳丰度的1000倍)。
初步分析显示，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ga和Cd之间具有正相关关系；相反，Fe与Ga和Cd之间均具有负相关关系，这表明该矿床闪锌矿中Ga和Cd很可能不是直接替代Zn而是替代Fe，与笔者前期认识基本一致。然而，不难发现该矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ge之间呈一定的负相关关系，但Fe和Ge之间则呈一定的正相关关系，进一步地Zn与Fe之间具有显著的负相关关系，且Zn与Fe+Ge之间负相关性更显著(图 1)。目前，闪锌矿中主要有六种Ge替代Zn的方式：(1)2Cu++Cu2++Ge4+↔4Zn2+；(2)Ge2+↔Zn2+；(3)2Ag++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(4)2Cu++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(5)□(晶体空位)+Ge4+↔2Zn2+；(6)nCu+Ge↔(n+1)Zn。可见，这六种替代方式均不能解释竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn和Fe+Ge之间的强烈负相关关系。因此，笔者推测该矿床中Ge很可能是与Fe一起共同替代Zn进入闪锌矿晶格(Fe+Ge↔2Zn)，是一种新的Ge替代方式。
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图 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn-(Fe+Ge)相关图解Figure 1. Relationship diagram of sphalerite Zn-(Fe+Ge)in the Zhulingou Zn deposit4. 结论(Conclusions)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中显著超常富集锗，锗的富集程度接近1000倍，且锗与铁一起共同替代锌进入闪锌矿晶格，是一种新的锗替代方式。初步估算竹林沟锌矿床锗金属储量超过400 t，而竹林沟锌矿床外围还有半边街等锌矿床，初步预测研究区锗资源量可能达到超大型规模(>1000 t)，一个新的国家级乃至世界级锗资源基地曙光已现。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgments)
感谢科技部、国家自然科学基金委、云南省科技厅和云南大学对本项目的支持。
致谢: 本文得到了国土资源部科技成果奖评审委员的肖庆辉研究员、国土资源部咨询研究中心李裕伟研究员、国土资源部信息中心马建民研究员、首钢地质勘查院施性明教授、中国地质调查局发展研究中心邱瑞照、叶锦华研究员精心指导和帮助, 编辑部的专家和老师在成文中给予了精心指导, 谨此一并表示诚挚的感谢! -
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图 1 2000年以来我国进口铁矿石增长率及对外依存度
Figure 1. Growth rate and foreign dependence of China's imported iron ore since 2000
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图 2 全球主要铁矿石生产国家铁矿石平均品位情况(USGS, 2015; 李莎, 2017)
Figure 2. Average grade of iron ore in the world's major iron ore production countries (modified after USGS, 2015; Lisha, 2017)
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图 4 铁建造的时间与发育程度(丰度)关系示意图, 包括一些重要的铁建造及其产地(据Trendall, 2002和Klein, 2005修改)
Figure 4. Schematic diagram showing the relationship between the formation time of IF and its development degree (abundance), including some significant IF and major IF regions (modified after Trendall 2002 and Klein, 2005)
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图 5 BIF沉积环境示意图(据Wang et al., 2009和Bekker et al., 2010修改)
地幔柱成因的科马提岩与海底热液相互作用析出Si和Fe交替沉淀形成了铁建造
Figure 5. Sketch map of sedimentary environment of BIF and GIF (modified after Wang et al., 2009 and Bekker et al., 2010)
The interaction between the seafloor hydrothermal fluids and komatiites generated by mantle plumes released silica and iron, which precipitated alternately to form iron formation
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图 6 澳大利亚哈默斯利盆地铁矿区地质略图(Taylor et al., 2001)及哈默斯利群地层柱状图及SHRIMP年龄(Barley et al., 1997)
Bo-布尔吉达组(Boolgeeda); WR-温佳拉组(Woongarra Rhyolite); WW-威利-沃利组(Weeli Wolli); Ya-彦地克吉纳段(Yandicoogina); Jo-乔费尔段(Joffre); Wb-维尔贝克段(Whaleback); DG-谷峡谷段(Dales Gorge); Mmc-姆克雷斯组(Mount Mcrae); MS-希尔维亚山组(Mount Sylvia); WT-威特努姆组(Wittennoom); MM-马拉曼巴组(Marra Mamba); J-纪日纳赫组(Jeerinah)
Figure 6. Sketch geological map of the major iron orebodies in the Hamersley iron province (after Taylor et al., 2001) and stratigraphic columnar section of the Hamersley iron province and available SHRIMP ages (after Barley et al., 1997)
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图 7 巴西铁四角地区地质简图(据赵宏军等, 2017)
Figure 7. Simplified geological map of the Quadrilatero Ferrifero (after Zhao Hongjun et al, 2017)
AB-Aboboras; AC-AguasClaras; AG-Alegria; AL-AguaLimpa; AN-Andrade; BA-Bau; BO-Bocaina; CA-Cau; CF-CorregodoFeijao; BR-Brucutu; CM-CapitaodoMato; CE-Capanema; CN-Conceicao; CO-Corregodo Meio; CP-CasadePedra; CX-CapaoXavier; DC-DoisCorregos; ES-Esperanca; B-Fabrica; GL-Galinheiro; FN-FabricaNova; FZ-Fazendao; IT-Itatiaiucu; JG-Jangada; MA-MorroAgudo; MT-Mutuca; MZ-MarAzul; OF-OuroFino; PI-Pico; PR-Pires; RA-RetiroDasAlmas; SP-Sapecado; TA-Tamandua; TB-Timbopeba
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图 8 库尔斯克磁异常区的磁异常和含铁石英岩系的岩相分带示意图(冶金部情报标准研究所, 1975)
1-含铁岩系的外尖灭亚带, 由含铁石英岩和千枚岩互层组成(西部亚带在西南异常带内, 东部亚带在东北异常带内), 含铁石英岩主要由硅酸盐和磁铁矿组成, 主要发育宽条带状构造, 局部发育有薄条带状的铁云母-磁铁石英岩; 2-中央亚带, 其内产有两个很厚的含铁石英岩段, 两者间为千枚状的片岩所隔开。含铁石英岩主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿, 具薄条带状构造; 3-含铁岩系的内尖灭亚带, 位于库尔斯克-科罗查复背斜的两翼附近。尖灭带内的含铁石英岩常呈微条带状和块状; 4-泥盆纪地层分布的南界; 5-维宪期地层分布的北界; 6-多内昔期地层分布的界线; 7-磁异常; 8-富铁矿床。西南异常带:①-新雅尔廷矿床; ②-米哈伊洛夫矿床; ③-季齐年矿床; ④-奥里霍瓦特矿床; ⑤-马利诺夫矿床; ⑥-雅克普列夫矿床; ⑦-捷捷列温矿床; ⑧-戈斯提舍夫矿床; ⑨-别尔哥罗德矿床; ⑩-霍赫洛沃-伊古缅矿床; ⑪ -梅里霍沃-舍别金矿床; ⑫ -博利舍特罗伊茨矿床; 东北异常带:⑬ -科罗布科夫矿床; ⑭ -列别丁矿床; ⑮ -斯托伊连矿床; ⑯ -萨尔提科夫矿床; ⑰ -波格罗梅茨矿床; ⑱ -切尔年矿床
Figure 8. Schematic map of magnetic anomalies in the Kursk magnetic anomaly zone and lithofacies zoning of the iron-bearing quartzite series (after Institute of Information Standards, Ministry of Metallurgy, 1975)
1-Outer tipping out of sub-belt of the iron-bearing rock series, composed of interbedded layers of iron-bearing quartzite and phyllite; 2-Central sub-band, which contains two very thick iron-bearing quartzite segments separated by thousands of schists; 3-Inner tipping of sub-belt of ironbearing rock series, located near the two wings of the Kursk-Krocha complex anticline; 4-The southern boundary of the Devonian stratigraphic distribution; 5-The northern boundary of the stratigraphic distribution of the Victorian period; 6-The boundary of the stratigraphic distribution of the Done period; 7-Magnetic anomaly; 8-Rich iron deposit.Southwest Anomaly Belt:①-New Yaltin deposit; ②-Mikhailov deposit; ③-Jiqinian deposit; ④-Orihowate deposit; ⑤-Malinov deposit; ⑥-Jacqueslev deposit; ⑦-Jiejie Liewen deposit; ⑧-Gostisev deposit; ⑨-Belgorod deposit; ⑩-Hochlovo-Igoumen deposit; ⑪ -Merihuwo-Shebe gold deposit; ⑫ -Bolischerotitz deposit; Northeast Anomaly Belt:⑬ -Korobkov deposit; ⑭ -Lebidin deposit; ⑮ -Stojlian deposit; ⑯ -Saltikov deposit; ⑰ -Pogremetz deposit; ⑱ -Chelian deposit
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图 10 玢岩铁矿的理想模式图(转引宁芜研究项目编写小组, 1978)
1-青龙群石灰岩(T1-2Q); 2-黄马青组砂页岩(T3h); 3-象山群砂岩(J1-2X); 4-龙王山、大王山两旋回火山岩(J3/K1); 5-辉长闪长玢岩-辉长闪长岩; 6-蚀变分带界线; 7-角砾岩化带及角砾状矿石; 8-块状矿石; 9-镜铁矿或磁铁矿脉; 10-层状铁矿; 11-黄铁矿化; 12-浸染状磁铁矿化; ①-龙旗山式; ②-竹园山式; ③-龙虎山式; ④-梅山式; ⑤-凹山式; ⑥-陶村式; ⑦-向山式(黄铁矿); ⑧-姑山式; ⑨-凤凰山式; 蚀变带:Ⅰ-下部浅色蚀变带; Ⅱ-中部深色蚀变带; Ⅲ-上部浅色蚀变带
Figure 10. Ideal modal map for the porphyritic iron deposits (after Research Group of the Ning-Wu Project, 1978)
1-Qingling Group (T1-2Q) limestone; 2-Huangmaqing Formation (T3h) siltstones; 3-Xiangshan Group (J1-2X) sandstone; 4-Longwangshan and Dawangshan Cycles (J3/K1) volcanic rocks; 5-Gabbro diorite and gabbro diorite porphylite; 6-Boundary of alteration belt; 7-Breccia belt and breccia ore; 8-Massive ore; 9-Specularote or magnetite veins; 10-Bedded iron ore; 11-Pyritization; 12-Disseminated magnetite; Deposit types:①-Longqishan type; ②-Zhuyuanshan type; ③-Longhushan type; ④-Meishan type; ⑤-Aoshan type; ⑥-Taocun type; ⑦-Xiangshan type(pyrite); ⑧-Gushan type; ⑨-Fenghuangshan type; Alteration belts:Ⅰ-Ieucoctatic alteration in lower part; Ⅱ-deep color alteration in middle part; Ⅲ-Ieucoctatic alteration in the upper part
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表 2 全球及重要铁矿资源国家大型、超大型铁矿床统计
Table 2 Statistics of large and giant iron deposits in the world and important iron ore resources countries
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表 3 两种BIF矿床地质特征对比(王长乐等, 2012)
Table 3 Comparison of geological features between two types of BIF abroad (after Wang et al., 2012)
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表 4 全球重要铁矿床(区)地质特征
Table 4 Geological characteristics of important iron deposits (regions) in the world
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