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摘要:
随着城市地下空间的开发利用，对三维地质结构的掌握成为科学合理开发利用地下空间的基本前提，三维地质模型的创建也得以迅速发展。三维地质结构模型可以直观展示地层空间分布形态，为地下空间资源的科学规划提供基础数据。本次工作首次完成了北京五环城区（750 km2）的三维地质结构模型创建。建模工作基于研究区广泛分布的数千工程钻孔，通过筛选、标准化钻孔数据，绘制相应标准化地层剖面（107条），创建了钻孔模型，以及北京五环城区地下50 m以浅三维地质结构模型，并完成精度验证。本次建模过程整理了大量工程钻孔数据，综合考虑了冲洪积扇发育区地层互层、相交、尖灭、透镜体等复杂的地质现象，具有代表性，可为类似地质建模工作提供借鉴。此外，北京城区三维地质结构模型直观展示了研究区浅部的地层分布与地层结构，为后续三维属性模型的创建提供了实体框架，亦为区内地下空间资源地质评价提供了数据支撑。
Abstract:The three-dimensional (3D) geological structure model has been the basic preconditions for the analysis of urban underground space, because it can directly display the spatial distribution and geological properties of superficial deposits and provide basic data for the scientific planning of the underground space resources. In this paper, the authors constructed for the very first time a 3D geological structure model (up to the depth of 50m from the surface) in Beijing City, based on almost a thousand boreholes, investigation reports, as well as 107 intersecting cross-sections arranged over Beijing City within the 5th Ring Road. The authors investigated the 3D modeling procedures in the study area, where an extremely complicated sedimentary environment is developed with various geological phenomena including intersecting stratigraphic interfaces, missing strata as well as discontinuous layers. The resulting 3D model could provide a basic framework and data support for further geological evaluation of underground space resources.
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Keywords:
- 3D geological modelling /
- superficial deposits /
- boreholes /
- cross-sections /
- lens
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
中国从2009年开展页岩气实质勘探以来，已在四川盆地上奥陶统五峰组(O3w)—下志留统龙马溪组(S1l)海相页岩成功实现页岩气商业开发，成为世界上少数几个实现页岩气工业开采的国家之一，近年来掀起了页岩气研究的热潮。国内学者在页岩气的形成、演化、保存和成藏等方面取得诸多突破，同时也遇到诸多科学难题，如地质条件下页岩的成烃演化规律、页岩气乙烷碳同位素与干酪根碳同位素差异较大、页岩气烷烃气碳同位素倒转等，究其原因是页岩气组分单一，难以获取较多的地球化学信息。川南五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩中含H2S天然气的发现(N201-H1井，H2S含量=0.42%)，激发了笔者探索海相页岩气中H2S成因的兴趣。本文力争从海相页岩中找出H2S形成的地质、地球化学证据，尤其成烃演化过程中伴随的TSR证据，并探讨TSR与页岩气地球化学异常的关系。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
通过野外地质调查，系统采集重庆高谷剖面五峰组—龙马溪组含黄铁矿富有机质页岩，开展TOC测定、全岩X衍射分析、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜与能谱分析、次生方解石碳同位素分析、方解石中包裹体分析。利用有机无机相结合的研究手段，重点关注页岩中黄铁矿的赋存形态、与有机质和无机矿物的共生关系，进而明确黄铁矿可能的成因类型。所有分析测试和研究工作均在页岩油气富集机理与有效开发国家重点实验室完成。
3. 研究结果(Results)
五峰组—龙马溪组样品(15件)的TOC介于1.6%~4.5%，均值为2.8%，岩矿分析结果显示为硅质页岩，黄铁矿含量介于4.5%~7.3%。多数样品中可见草莓状黄铁矿集合体零星或呈层状分布，粒径主要介于5~10 μm(11件)，个别样品中可见笔石黄铁矿化现象，其中的黄铁矿多为草莓状黄铁矿(3件)。在五峰组的2件样品中发现黄铁矿-石膏-方解石的共生脉体顺层发育，肉眼和镜下可见矿铁矿晶体呈立方体(图 1a)，从矿物之间的接触关系看，石膏最先形成，边缘有明显的溶蚀迹象，其次是黄铁矿，再是方解石(图 1b)；脉体上下页岩层中方解石碳同位素介于-0.5‰~-2.4‰，均值为-1.6‰(4件)，脉体中挑选出来的方解石碳同位素介于-5.2‰~-9.6‰，均值为-7.5‰(6件)，明显轻于页岩中的方解石碳同位素；脉体方解石中赋存气-液包裹体均一温度介于103℃~148℃，集中在135℃附近(12个点)。
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图 1 黄铁矿的分布及形态特征(Adr—石膏；Py—黄铁矿；Cal—方解石)Figure 1. Distribution and morphological characteristics of pyrite(Adr-Gupusm; Py-Pyrite; Cal-Calcite)沉积岩中黄铁矿的硫源主要源自H2S，而H2S主要成因为细菌硫酸盐还原作用(BSR)、热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)和含硫有机质裂解作用(TDR)。五峰组—龙马溪组页岩中受控于原始有机质分布的草莓状黄铁矿属于同生期的BSR成因，而五峰组中发现的脉体具备TSR发生的物质和能量条件，辅以混入有机碳源的次生方解石证据，可以推断该区富有机质页岩成烃演化过程中发生过TSR反应，但由于H2S形成后极易与页岩中的金属离子结合而以硫化物的形式沉淀下来，导致现今海相页岩气藏中普遍不含和微含硫化氢，但是其对页岩气地球化学特征的影响不容忽视。已有模拟实验证明，可溶有机质裂解过程中TSR会导致烷烃气碳同位素序列倒转，因此，五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气碳同位素倒转可能与TSR有关。
4. 结论(Conclusions)
(1) 四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩层段普遍发育黄铁矿，其中大部分为受控于原始有机质分布的草莓状黄铁矿，为BSR成因；特殊的矿物组合、次生方解石碳同位素偏轻和包裹体均一温度表明部分黄铁矿为有机质成烃演化过程中的TSR成因。
(2) 硫化氢遇到金属离子极易以硫化物的形式沉淀下来，所以同生期BSR形成的硫化氢很难保存至今，现今页岩气藏中的硫化氢最可能是TSR形成。TSR不仅可以改变页岩气化学组成，还可能是导致页岩气碳同位素倒转的重要因素，值得进一步深入研究。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgement)
本文为国家自然科学基金项目“页岩解析气碳同位素分馏特征及其指示意义研究”(41503033)、石油化工联合基金重点项目“古生界页岩含气性原生有机质控制作用研究”(U1663202)和“海相含膏盐岩层系烃源岩发育特征与生烃潜力评价”(U1663201)的资助成果。
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图 5 平原区东西向典型地质剖面图（地下50 m以浅深度）
Figure 5. A typical cross-section generated from boreholes (W-E) in Beijing City (within the depth of 50 m)
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图 8 地层中透镜体的构建示意图
Figure 8. Construction of a Small lens developed in a widely distributed layer
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图 9 三维地质结构模型图
Figure 9. 3D geological structure model of shallow superface in Beijing City
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图 10 东E2模型剖面与实际剖面比对图
（上图：实际钻孔剖面；下图：模型剖面，垂向放大100倍，局部出现尖棱）
Figure 10. A comparison between the cross－section based on boreholes(E2) and generated from 3D model with vertical exaggerated coefficient equal to 100
表 2 实际地质剖面与模型切片对比
Table 2 A comparison of detailed layers of borehole－based geological profiles and 3D model
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