Multi-scale exploration of mineral system: Concept and progress-A case study in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt
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摘要:
在全球矿产勘查逐渐转向“绿地”、深部和覆盖区的大背景下,急需成矿理论的指导。20世纪末提出的成矿系统概念由于其强大的区域成矿预测功能,引起了矿业界广泛的关注和研究。本文首先回顾了成矿系统的概念、组成和分类,然后讨论了成矿系统主要组成部分的探测和识别方法,最后结合笔者近年在长江中下游成矿带开展的多尺度探测,讨论了陆内典型成矿系统的深部过程、地壳结构和地球物理响应,并对成矿系统概念在成矿预测领域的应用前景进行了展望。本文主要结论:(1)成矿系统是由控制矿床形成和保存所有要素构成的自然系统,基本组成单元包括“源区”、“通道”和“场所”,每个组成单元都包括复杂的物理、化学和动力学过程;(2)矿床是成矿系统多尺度深部过程耦合在某一“点上”的“结果”。成矿系统在演化过程中,各种物理、化学作用对地壳和岩石圈地幔进行了强烈“改造”,留下各种物理、化学和矿物学“痕迹”,这些“痕迹”改变了岩石的地球物理性质,具有很好的可探测性;(3)基于长江中下游多尺度探测结果,提出了陆内典型成矿系统“源区”形成过程、控制岩浆/流体迁移的“通道”和物质沉淀场所的新认识;(4)在地学大数据、机器学习、人工智能不断发展的今天,成矿系统和基于成矿系统的多尺度成矿预测将是未来的重要研究方向。
Abstract:The guidance of metallogenic theory is urgently needed under the background that global mineral exploration is gradually turning to the target at "greenfields", deep earth and coverage areas. The concept of metallogenic system proposed at the end of the last century has attracted extensive attention and study of the mining industry due to its powerful function of regional mineralization forecasting. In this study, first and foremost, the authors review the concept, components and classification of mineral systems. Then the methods of detecting and identifying the main components of the metallogenic system are discussed. Last but not least, the deep process, crustal structure and geophysical response of typical intracontinental metallogenic systems are discussed based on the authors' multi-scale exploration in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt in recent years, and the application of the concept of mineral system in the field of metallogenic prediction is also prospected. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1) The mineral system is a natural system that comprises all the essential factors controlling the formation and preservation of deposits, with basic components of "source", "path" and "site". Each component includes complex physical, chemical and kinetic processes. (2) A deposit is the 'result' of multi-scale deep processes coupling at a certain 'point' in the mineral system. During the evolution of the mineral system, various physical and chemical processes have strongly "modified" the crust and lithospheric mantle, leaving behind various physical, chemical, and mineralogical "footprints" with significant detectability due to the altered geophysical properties. (3) A new model was proposed based on the multi-scale exploration in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, for the understanding of "source", "path" and "site" of a typical intracontinentalmetallogenic system. (4) Mineral system based multi-scale target predication will be a prospective research direction in the future, with the continuous developing of geoscience big data, machine learning and artificial intelligence.
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1. 引言
莱州湾位于渤海盆地南部,湾口朝北,呈半圆形,系渤海南部最大海湾,东部与胶东半岛相连,西部与现代黄河三角洲接壤。自晚更新世以来,随着冰期、间冰期气候变化以及海面多次升降,渤海发生了沧州海侵、献县海侵和黄骅海侵以及它们之间的海退事件(秦蕴珊,1985)。期间,相应沉积了海相、陆相及陆海交互相沉积层,在莱州湾南岸由弥河、白浪河、虞河、潍河、胶莱河等共同形成了多源、短源河流三角洲沉积体系,潍河—弥河三角洲向海进积20~55 km,现今海岸局部加积厚度超过20 m(薛春汀,2008)。
莱州湾潮流属于非正规半日潮,以往复流为主。在黄河口附近流速达最大,从湾口向湾顶递减。莱州湾南岸系中国典型的淤泥质海岸,地处济阳坳陷中的潍北凹陷构造单元,并长期处于沉降活动中。进入晚更新世以来,受全球气候环境变化的影响,海侵—海退活动与海岸线变迁频繁,交替发育了海相和陆相地层,蕴涵丰富的沉积环境演化信息,吸引众多学者对本区沉积环境的研究兴趣(李守军等,2017;彭子成等,1992;庄振业等,1999)。如利用钻孔沉积记录,重建渤海西岸沉积演化历史,定量讨论全新世相对海面变化(陈永胜等,2016)。进行中国近海沿岸沉积地球化学变异特征与物源及气候效应分析(赵一阳等,2002),探讨渤海西部沉积物稀土元素分布特征及其物源约束,开展海底沉积物来源、形成条件和控制因素研究(刘建国等, 2010;蓝先洪等, 2016)。彭子成等(1992)等运用热释光测年和地球化学数据揭示了晚更新世以来莱州湾沉积特征。庄振业等(1999)以S3钻孔为主,阐明渤海南部莱州湾晚第四纪以来海陆变迁及古环境演变。韩德亮(2001)发现元素特征值周期性旋回及突变,作为第四纪地层划分指标。刘恩峰等(2004)基于莱州湾南岸A1钻孔孢粉,分析植被及古气候交替变化,重建120 ka B.P.以来莱州湾古气候环境特征,探讨沉积物元素与陆源输入联系(杨守业和李从先,1999)。王志才等(2006)认为构造活动、海面变化以及陆源河流输入控制着莱州湾晚更新世以来沉积地层变化。总体上,黄河所提供的沉积物对渤海沉积控制作用明显,但不应忽视入海的中小短源河流(如弥河、白浪河、潍河等)对莱州湾沉积贡献。本文选择莱州湾剖面进行沉积地层划分和对比,结合调查资料和测试数据,初步建立浅地层沉积格架,深入了解沉积环境差异性,为陆海统筹、围填海工程及海洋环境提供沉积环境依据。
2. 材料和方法
沉积物样品均取自于研究区钻孔,样品间隔取样深度为2~10 cm,样品编号按井号加上取样顺序编录,对该孔岩心进行了岩性描述、14C测年、光释光测年以及粒度等测试,以获得研究区110 ka B.P.以来的沉积地层和沉积环境的演化特征以及沉积物源变迁过程。采用X荧光光谱法(XRF)、等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)以及原子荧光光谱法(AF)进行沉积物样品元素化学测试,样品测试由国土资源部青岛海洋地质实验检测中心完成。AMS14C样品测试由美国BETA实验室完成,测年的半衰期为4850 a。测试完成后,依据样品的δ13C测试数据,并结合分馏效应对数据进行校正,得到惯用年龄。
物源指数(PI)反映的是沉积物间化学成分接近程度,PI值介于0和1之间。选择差别较大的元素区分端元物源,当PI值小于0.5,表明待判沉积物与端元沉积物1化学组成相近;而PI值大于0.5,表明待判沉积物与端元沉积物2化学组成相近。用物源指数(PI)分析物源变化和计算沉积贡献(蓝先洪等,2010;庞守吉等,2008),PI计算公式如下:
式中:i为元素或两元素之比;Cix为待判沉积物中元素i的含量;Ci1、Ci2为端元沉积物1和端元沉积物2中元素i含量,本文指黄河与白浪河沉积物。
3. 沉积特征
WFZK07孔位于山东潍坊北部的围填海区,距莱州湾南岸白浪河入海口东约1 km处(图 1)。该孔于2013年6月完成施工,孔深80.0 m,人工回填深度5.80 m。沿南北方向将该孔与渤海其他钻孔进行沉积对比,综合莱州湾地质浅钻的岩心记录、测试数据以及前人研究成果(彭子成等,1992;庄振业等,1999;Yao et al., 2014),依据钻孔沉积物沉积特征,进行不同沉积单元沉积相划分,共划分为5个沉积单元(DU1~DU5),初步建立莱州湾浅部沉积结构框架(图 2)。其中,BH-1301、WFZK06、WFZK04、WFZK09、WFZK03、WFZK04"孔的数据来源于中国地质调查项目“山东半岛海岸带综合地质调查与监测”(项目编号:GZH201200505),BH08孔的数据来源于Yao et al., 2014;WFZK06、WFZK09、WFZK03孔未作测年)。
沉积单元DU1:以黏土质粉砂、粉砂为主,在BH-1301和WFZK07孔中DU1单元的底部有约2 cm厚泥炭层,该泥炭层在莱州湾分布广泛,据AMS14C测年为9649 cal a B.P.,可作为全新世底界标志层,如图 2所示,沉积厚度相对稳定(< 30 m),由海向陆沉积减薄。主要为河流—三角洲/潮坪—滨浅海相沉积。
沉积单元DU2:细砂—中砂,沉积厚度4~10 m,多以河流相沉积为主,由海向陆沉积减薄。系晚更新世晚期玉木晚冰期的河流—三角洲—滨浅海相沉积。
沉积单元DU3:以黏土质粉砂、粉砂为主。陆相层为细砂夹粉砂。系晚更新世玉木冰期亚间冰期的河流—三角洲/潮坪—浅海相沉积,由于海面频繁波动,形成数个海陆交互相沉积地层。此间沉积厚度10~20 m,尤其在三角洲前缘沉积厚度较大。
沉积单元DU4:BH1301孔中以黏土质粉砂和粉砂为主,WFZK07孔以砂为主,夹粉细砂和泥砾透镜体。该单元形成于晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期,沉积厚度十余米,在三角洲前缘沉积厚度较大。通过与邻近海域和陆上钻孔对比,三角洲和河流相沉积发育,前三角洲黏土质粉砂是多条短源河流共同贡献的结果,各河流形成的三角洲前缘主要由极细砂组成,河口间湾主要为黏土质粉砂沉积,由于分流河道的频繁迁移,三角洲前缘极细砂和河口间湾黏土质粉砂在纵向上叠置出现。
沉积单元DU5:以黏土质粉砂为主,夹粉细砂层,有粉砂质透镜体和黏土质条带,系晚更新世里斯—玉木间冰期的河流—三角洲/潮坪—浅海相沉积,沉积厚度较稳定,十几米不等,海相沉积厚度薄。
4. 沉积物源
本文以WFZK07孔的δEuN-ΣREEs关系和物源判别指数(PI)进行沉积物源分析,研究渤海南部短源河流(白浪河)和黄河的陆源输入对沉积体系的贡献。
据本文实测和文献数据(古森昌等,1989;吴明清等,1991;石学法等,1996),δEuN与ΣREEs关系曲线如图 3(y=-170.61nx + 63.38,R2=0.729)。在WFZK07孔的5个沉积单元选取15个样品,进行数据成图。图中可见,数据点分布相对均匀,深度5.80~18.58 m、23.27~49.15 m和18.58~23.70 m的样品多数分布于白浪河沉积区,而深度49.15~63.70 m和63.70~80.00 m的样品大都集中落在黄河沉积区。白浪河数据大都落于曲线下方(白浪河沉积区),黄河数据多落在曲线上方(黄河沉积区)。
相关性分析可知,白浪河中La/Sm及ΣLREE/ ΣHREE与粒度的相关性弱;与黄河沉积物稀土元素含量对比(蓝先洪等,2009;Lim,2006),白浪河沉积物中的La、Sm、LREE、HREE含量相对偏差均大于10%。因此,本文采用对粒度影响较小的La/Sm及LREE/HREE比值计算物源指数。
WFZK07孔沉积物中的La/Sm及LREE/HREE比值及所计算的PI值表明(表 1),以49.15 m为界,上部以白浪河沉积贡献为主,下部黄河沉积贡献加大。5.80~18.58 m底界面AMS14C测年为11.6 ka B. P.,为全新世以来的海陆交互层,包括早全新世陆相层、中全新世黄骅海侵层和晚全新世陆相层。此阶段全新世的黄骅海侵范围较大,持续时间短,加之黄河频繁改道,物源以白浪河为主。18.58~23.70 m底界面OSL测年为24.0 ka B.P.,为晚更新世晚期玉木主冰期河流相沉积。此阶段海面下降,以近源河流为主,远源的陆源输入较少。23.27~49.15 m底界面OSL测年为61.0 ka B.P.,为晚更新世晚期形成的献县海侵层及其陆相层。以上海侵事件,以晚更新世晚期的献县海侵范围最小。此外,晚更新世晚期海退期的古黄河三角洲沉积物重矿物组合受现代黄河沉积物的物源控制(蓝先洪等,2010),因黄河已流入黄海陆架区,是东海陆架和黄海区的主要物源(韩有松和吴洪发,1982),黄河对莱州湾的沉积贡献相对减小,以白浪河等短源河流为主要物源。
表 1 莱州湾WFZK07孔沉积物物源指数(PI)比较Table 1. Comparison of provenance indexes (PI) of sediments in Core 0749.15~63.70 m底界面OSL测年为74.0 ka B.P.,为晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期的陆相层,以浅灰、浅黄色黏土质粉砂夹细粉砂及薄互层为主。受区域新构造活动影响,早更新世发生由相对隆起向绝对沉降转换,黄河贯通成为可能(杨守业等,2001)。因此,早更新世黄河全河贯通而形成一条完整河流,影响华北平原地区(Wang,2007),现代黄河改道几乎都经历漫流、汊流、归股、改道等阶段(庄振业,1991)。在地质历史时期,黄河改道频繁且河道行踪不定,晚更新世晚期黄河由东入海的格局转到向北入渤海的过渡阶段,发生漫流和汊流,使其可能成为主要物源。63.70~80.00 m底界面OSL测年为128 ka B.P.,为晚更新世早期的沧州海侵层。在地史时期,黄河主要流路位于华北平原。短源河流输入量小,易受气候变化影响。在海面上升期,以黄河为主要物源,表现退积的叠加样式。
总体上,海侵期温暖湿润,沉积物粒度细,以化学风化为主,矿物元素富集。海退期寒冷干燥,化学风化作用弱,以物理风化为主,矿物含量较低(操应长等,2007)。如Si/Al和Ti/Al在垂向上的变化反映了莱州湾在全新世和晚更新世的冰期搬运动力及化学风化作用相对较弱;与之对应,从晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期到晚更新世早期,化学风化较强(Nesbitt et al., 1997;Zabel et al., 2001),Rb/Sr值与风化强度成正比。Mg/Ca从晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期到晚更新世早期发生较大波动,表明莱州湾沉积环境及物源在晚更新世晚期发生了重要的转变。全新世、晚更新世早期及晚期的海相层中常微量元素及特征值元素呈明显的旋回变化,对应多个峰值。在晚更新世晚期的陆相地层中,矿物元素变化弱;晚更新世早期陆相地层中,元素变化幅度较小,对应多个峰值。矿物元素的变化所反映的沉积特征与晚更新世以来的气候和海面的变化有对应关系,指示海侵海退过程中的沉积环境及海面可能发生过多次改变。此外,在海退成陆时期,长期蒸发作用和季节性河流物质运输形成卤水存储,在蒸发泵和回流渗滤的共同作用下,发生盐份的向下运移、累积、分馏、矿物蚀变,陆相沉积物掩埋了前期高盐水成为地下卤水(高茂生等,2015;彭子成等,1992)。其中,第Ⅰ海相层中卤水TDS值50~130 g/ L,第Ⅱ海相层中卤水TDS值50~165 g/L,第Ⅲ海相层中卤水TDS值50~140 g/L,以第Ⅱ海相层的卤水TDS值高,储量大。
5. 讨论
晚更新世早期的沧州海侵期海相层(Qp31,距今约124.6~72.0 ka B.P.):海面上升,PI平衡线向陆源移动(图 4a)。古岸线大致在花官—卧铺南部—寿光北部—潍北总场—龙池北部一带(郑懿珉等,2014),此阶段海面处于上升期,陆源碎屑物质供应少,为退积叠加。黄河与白浪向海沉积贡献量降低,但在波浪、潮汐及沿岸流影响下,远源河流平均径流量大,携带大量泥沙的黄河沉积贡献仍大于白浪河,为晚更新世以来全球最高海面期。据渤海南岸羊口盐场附近E钻孔(韩德亮等,2001),现代黄河三角洲的9个钻孔(王绍鸿等,1979)以及本文研究,此阶段气候温暖湿润,化学风化较强,北部河流相发育,三角洲发育不全,向南过渡为以细粒为主的潮坪或沼泽沉积。
图 4 莱州湾主要海侵线、地下卤水分布及PI平衡线图(据高茂生等,2015修改)Figure 4. Three transgressions, underground brine and PI in Laizhou Bay晚更新世晚期的玉木早冰期陆相层(Qp33,距今72.0~60.0 ka B.P.):海面下降,以黄河为主的陆源输入量增加,PI平衡线向河流漂移(图 4b)。由于黄河径流量大,携带泥沙多,影响范围广,南部河流发育,向北发展为三角洲—浅海相沉积。进积时间短,陆源输入量充足,与沧州海侵期的沉积相差不大。
晚更新世晚期献县海侵层(Qp33,距今60.0~ 24.4 ka B.P.):海面上升幅度大,PI平衡线向北离陆移动。海侵范围远,古岸线大致在莱州湾南岸的广饶南—寿光—固堤北—昌邑北—新河—土山—沙河口一带。碎屑物质供应少,黄河、白浪河的沉积贡献降低,但沉积空间增大,属沉积退积。晚更新世晚期黄河已流入黄海陆架区,短源河流为主要物源。南部河流沉积发育,向北过渡到三角洲或潮坪、沼泽沉积,再到浅海相沉积。
此期有多个波峰和波谷,对应多次海面波动发生,形成海陆交互层。与沧州海侵相比,此阶段气候暖湿,化学风化作用弱。与刘恩峰等(2004)用孢粉反演古气候的变化一致,气候属于由干冷向暖湿转变的过渡期,受波浪和潮汐的共同作用,海相层发育。经历了“陆—海—陆”的演变,属于大理亚间冰期的滨岸湖沼相沉积环境。
晚更新世晚期玉木主冰期陆相层(Qp33,距今24.4~10.2 ka B.P.):PI平衡线向黄河(西北方向)偏移。此阶段天气寒冷干燥,海面处于下降阶段,莱州湾大部分地区有陆相河流沉积,厚度小。黄河沉积贡献增加,表现为进积的叠加样式。
全新世黄骅海侵(Qh,距今10.2~4.0 ka B.P.):PI平衡线向北移动加剧(图 4c)。海侵范围最远达到花官北—寿光北—固堤南—昌邑北—新河—土山—虎头崖一带。海面处于上升期,沉积退积。白浪河和黄河沉积贡献逐渐降低,黄河频繁改道,不同地区的物源存在差异性。北部滨浅海相沉积发育,南向三角洲、潮坪、沼泽过渡。在此时期,多数矿物元素对应1个峰和1个谷,表明海面发生过一次升降和气候冷暖变化。依据刘恩峰等(2004)研究,在10.0~4.0 ka B. P.期间莱州湾沿岸属于暖湿的滨海沉积,渤海西岸海侵事件比本区晚约2000a(徐家声,1994),在全新世中期(6.0 ka B.P.)海侵范围达到最远,此后海水消退。在全新世晚期,海面开始下降,现代河流沉积发育。
总体上,海侵期,由陆向海黄河泥沙贡献增加,白浪河等短源河流沉积贡献降低;浅海相沉积发育,以三角洲、潮坪为沉积过渡,表现为退积叠加。海退期,陆源输入增加,河流或湖泊沉积发育,表现为进积叠加。晚更新世以来莱州湾大致经历了浅海—三角洲—潮坪—浅海—三角洲—陆相或湖泊的沉积演化。
全球海面变化研究表明(Waelbroeck,2002),晚更新世以来至少存在3次高海面时期和2次低海面时期。莱州湾晚更新世的海面变化也出现“三高两低”的趋势。但由于区域差异和构造背景的不同,莱州湾海面升降时间与升降幅度与相邻海区存在差异性。
莱州湾从128.0 ka B.P.开始进入晚更新世,其中124.6~72.0 ka B.P.为温暖的末次间冰期,对应发育有沧州海侵层;晚更新世的后半段,72.0~10.2 ka B. P.为寒冷的末次冰期;全新世(10.2~0.0 ka B.P.)为温暖的冰后期。末次间冰期气候相对温暖湿润,沉积物粒度小,化学风化作用较强,常微量元素在此阶段地层中富集。末次冰期气候寒冷干燥,以物理风化为主,多数元素在此阶段的沉积含量较低。Si/Al和Ti/Al在剖面上的变化反映了莱州湾在全新世和晚更新世的冰期搬运动力及化学风化作用相对较弱;与此对应,CIA相对不高,从晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期到晚更新世早期,化学风化作用较强,晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期之后,化学风化作用减弱;Rb/ Sr值与风化强度成正比。Mg/Ca从晚更新世晚期玉木早冰期到晚更新世早期才发生较大的波动,表明莱州湾的沉积环境及物源在晚更新世晚期发生了重要转变。在全新世、晚更新世早期及晚期的海相层中,常量、微量元素及元素特征值呈明显的旋回变化,对应多个峰值。在晚更新世晚期的陆相地层变化小;晚更新世早期陆相地层中变化较缓,对应多个峰值。这种元素地球化学变化指示了海侵—海退过程中的沉积环境以及海面发生过多次改变,所反映的沉积特征与晚更新世以来的气候和海面变化有较好的对应关系。
莱州湾在124.6~72.0 ka B.P.,60.0~24.4 ka B.P.,10.2~0.0 ka B.P.出现3次暖湿期,分别对应于沧州海侵、献县海侵、黄骅海侵,在3次暖湿期中发育海陆交互相滨浅海、三角洲相或潮坪及河流相沉积环境,分别对应里斯—玉木间冰期、玉木亚间冰期以及玉木冰后期。3次海侵的范围分别在花官—卧铺南部—寿光北部—潍北总场—龙池北部、广饶南—寿光—固堤北—昌邑北—新河—土山—沙河口和花官北—寿光北—固堤南—昌邑北—新河—土山—虎头崖一带,献县海侵的范围最远,其次为全新世的黄骅海侵,晚更新世早期的沧州海侵范围最近。这与吕厚远(1989)利用渤海南部的4个钻孔和2个剖面的孢粉样分析的结果相吻合,即渤海南部晚更新世以来有3次较湿润期和2次高降水量较大期。在72.0~60.0 ka B.P.和24.4~10.2 ka B.P.期间,为2次干冷的陆相沉积环境,分别对应玉木早冰期和玉木晚冰期。而地球化学元素所反映的晚更新世以来莱州湾古气候演化与全球性的气候事件及渤海沿岸古环境变化有较好的可比性。
6. 结论
(1)受控于黄河陆源碎屑输入和南部中小河流的共同影响,二者在各自阶段对莱州湾沉积演化起主导作用,莱州湾沉积物源存在阶段性和分期性。
(2)莱州湾地球化学变化所反映的沉积特征与晚更新世以来的气候和海面变化有明显的对应关系,晚更新世以来经历的3次高海面和2次低海面期,对应发生了3次海侵及海退事件。晚更新世早期PI线向陆南移,晚更新世晚期海面上升,PI线向海北移,全新世PI线北移加剧。
(3)晚更新世以来莱州湾经历了浅海—三角洲—潮坪—滨浅海—三角洲—陆相或湖泊的演化过程。海侵期主要发育滨浅海相沉积,向南退积为三角洲/潮坪—河流沉积;由陆向海,短源河流沉积贡献降低,黄河沉积贡献增加。海退期陆源输入增加,河流相及三角洲进积发育。
致谢: 感谢《中国地质》编辑部邀请出版此“深部地质调查工程专辑”。编辑部郝梓国、王学明两位老师对专辑的出版给予了精心指导和大力帮助,在此表示衷心感谢。 -
图 1 长江中下游成矿带及邻区构造格架及主要矿集区位置示意图(据Pan and Dong, 1999;Mao et al., 2011修改)
1—晚侏罗—早白垩世花岗岩(156~137 Ma); 2—白垩纪火山岩和次火山岩(< 135 Ma); 3—A型花岗岩带; 4—斑岩-矽卡岩-层控复合型CuAu-Mo矿床(> 135 Ma); 5—矽卡岩型Fe-Cu矿床(> 135 Ma); 6—玢岩型Fe矿床(< 135 Ma); XGF—襄樊—广济断裂; TLF—郯庐断裂; YCF—阳新—常州断裂; 左上角插图显示长江中下游成矿带位置
Figure 1. Geological subdivision of middle and lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt and neighboring areas showing the location of the major ore concentration areas (modified from Pan and Dong, 1999; Mao et al., 2011)
1- Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous granite (156- 137 Ma); 2- Cretaceous volcanic and subvolcanic (< 135 Ma); 3- A- type granites; 4-Porphyry-skarn-stratabound complex Cu-Au-Mo deposits (> 135 Ma); 5-Skarn Fe-Cu deposit (> 135 Ma); 6-Porphyry-type Fe deposits (< 135 Ma); XGF-Xiangfan-Guangji fault; TLF-Tancheng-Lujiang fault; YCF-Yangxin-Changzhou fault. Insert map shows the location of the middle and lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt
图 2 长江中下游成矿带及典型矿集区多尺度综合地球物理探测工作部署图(据吕庆田等,2015)
1—主要断裂;2—固定地震台站;3—流动地震台站;4—MT测深点;5—反射地震剖面,浅蓝色为非SinoProbe剖面;6—广角反射接收点;7—广角反射激发点。TLF—郯庐断裂;XHF—响水—淮阴断裂;CHF—滁河断裂;MSF—茅山断裂;JNF—江南断裂;SDF—寿县—定远断裂;XMF—晓天—磨子潭断裂;XGF—襄樊—广济断裂
Figure 2. Map showing the layout and location of multi-scale integrated geophysical exploration over the middle and lower Yangtze Metellogenic belt and major ore concentration areas(after Lü et al., 2015)
1-Major faults; 2- Permanent seismic stations; 3- Portable broad-band seismic stations; 4-MT sounding points; 5-Reflection seismic profile, yellow represents non-SinoProbe profiles; 6-Wide-angle stations; 7-Wide-angle shot points. TLF-Tan-Lu Fault; XHF-Xiangshui-Huaiyin Fault; CHF-Chehe Fault; MSF-Maoshan fault; JNF-Jiangnan Fault; SDF-Shouxian-Dingyuan Fault; XMF-Xiaotian-Mozitan Fault; XGF-Xiangfan-Guangji Fault
图 3 长江中下游及邻区区域大地电磁反演结果(据Qiu et al., 2018修改)
a—0~50 km体积电导率图像;b—20 km深度电阻率切片图像;TLF—郯城—庐江断裂;XGF—襄樊—广济断裂;YCF—阳新—常州断裂;JSF—江山—绍兴断裂
Figure 3. The three-dimensional MT inversion results in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and adjacent areas
a- The volume conductivity image from 0 to 50 km; b-The resistivity slice of 20 km in depth; TLF-Tancheng-Lujiang fault; XGF- Xiangfan-Guangji fault; YCF-Yangxing-Changzhou fault; JSF-Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault(modified from Qiu et al., 2018)
图 4 NW-11-01深地震反射偏移剖面片段(a)及地质解释图(b)(据Lü et al., 2015)
注:地质解释背景为地震线条图上。注意沿江凹陷及宁芜火山岩盆地之下的“鳄鱼嘴”构造,以及长江深断裂(CJF)及主逆冲断裂(MTF)的组成和空间形态。TWT—双程走时;Pt–Pz—元古宙—古生代地层;Pz—古生代地层;Mz—中生代地层;E, F, G, 和H表示相对独立的中地壳块体
Figure 4. Part of raw (a) and interpreted (b) migrated seismic line of NW-11-01(after Lü et al., 2015)
Note:The geological interpretation is made on the skeletonized seismic section. Note the"crocodile"structure beneath Yangtze River bed and Ningwu volcanic basin and the spatial features and composition of the Yangtze River deep fault (CJF) and the major thrust fault (MTF). TWT-Two Way Travel Time; Pt-Pz-Proterozoic-Paleozoic strata; Pz-Paleozoic strata; Mz-Mesozoic strata; E, F, G, and H represent comparatively middle crust blocks
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