Significant Paleozoic tectonic events in the northern part of the East Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang and their implications for the evolution of CAOB: New evidence from 1: 50000 geological survey of Banfanggou and Xiaoliugou sheets
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摘要:
本文基于新疆哈密地区1：5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅区域地质调查新成果，对东天山北部古生代的重大构造事件以及演化历史进行了系统的梳理。基于下志留统与奥陶系之间角度不整合、下石炭统与泥盆系之间平行不整合以及上石炭统二道沟组与下伏岩系之间的角度不整合的确定，揭示奥陶纪与志留纪之交、泥盆纪与石炭纪之交以及晚石炭世期间存在几次重大构造事件。结合古生代不同时期沉积大地构造背景转换、岩浆活动构造环境转换以及构造变形格式转换的地质新纪录，提出奥陶纪与志留纪之交的造山事件为北部阿尔曼太洋闭合导致准噶尔-吐哈地块与阿尔泰地块碰撞的响应；泥盆纪与早石炭世之间的造陆构造事件可能是北部卡拉麦里洋盆初始汇拢碰撞的响应，其平行不整合以及下伏的志留纪-泥盆纪较稳定环境的沉积序列预示着介于卡拉麦里洋盆与南部北天山洋盆之间的准噶尔-吐哈地块为古亚洲洋盆体系中相对刚性的稳定陆块区，研究区作为准噶尔-吐哈地块的北部被动陆缘受卡拉麦里洋盆汇聚的影响较小；晚石炭世的造山事件则表现为响应卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘前陆盆地的演化，是早石炭世沿卡拉麦里缝合带发生陆块碰撞以来挤压构造作用峰期的产物，其奠定了东天山北部北西-南东向构造基本格局。本文还重新界定莫钦乌拉断裂为北天山构造带（准噶尔-吐哈地块）与东准噶尔构造带的构造-地层分区界线，推断其为卡拉麦里缝合带向南东的延伸，并讨论了早石炭世受控不同构造体制的沉积和岩浆纪录的空间差异性，认为早石炭世北部莫钦乌拉山区域为与北侧卡拉麦里洋盆闭合后周缘挤压前陆盆地的发育过程，而南部博格达-哈尔里克山则总体呈现为响应南侧北天山洋盆闭合后的碰撞后伸展裂谷发育过程。
Abstract:Based on the new results of 1:50, 000 geological survey of Banfanggou and Xiaoliugou sheets in Hami area, Xinjiang, this paper systematically reviewed the major tectonic events and evolutionary history during Paleozoic in the northern part of the East Tianshan Mountains. There existed three major tectonic events between Ordovician and Early Silurian, between Devonian and Early Carboniferous and in the Late Carboniferous, respectively, as shown by the newly discovered angular unconformity or disconformity. Combined with a series of new records of sedimentation, magmatism and deformation reflecting tectonic transformation, the links between these tectonic events and the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) are discussed. It is suggested that the orogenic event that occurred at the turning time from Ordovician to Silurian was the response to collision between the Junggar-Tuha terrane and the Altay terrane following the closure of the Armantai oceanic basin. The disconformity between Devonian and Lower Carboniferous shows an epeirogenic event, probably in response to the initial closure of the Kalamaili oceanic basin to the north. This disconformity and underlying Silurian-Devonian deposits in relatively stable tectonic environment also show that the Junggar-Tuha terrane between the Kalamaili oceanic basin and the North Tianshan oceanic basin was a relatively rigid and stable continental block in the Paleo-Asian Ocean system. The study area, as the northern passive continental margin of the Junggar-Tuha block, was less affected by the convergence of the Kalamaili oceanic basin. The orogenic event in the late Carboniferous was the reflection of peak orogenesis in response to the evolution of the peripheral foreland basin after the arccontinental collision that occurred along the Kalamaili suture zone during late Devonian-early Carboniferous period. This event established the basic NW-SE trending structural framework in the East Tianshan Mountains. The authors also redefined the Moqinwula fault as the southeastern extension of the Kalamaili suture zone, the tectonic-stratigraphic boundary between the North Tianshan Mountains (or Junggar-Tuha block) and the East Junggar terranes, and discussed the spatial differences of tectonic regime in the early Carboniferous. Based on the records of sedimentation and magma of the early Carboniferous, the authors hold that a peripheral foreland basin, which was related to the closure of the Kalamaili oceanic basin, was developed in the Moqinwula Mountain, whereas a rift basin was developed in the Bogda-Harrick Mountain, which was in response to the post-collision extension related to the closure of the North Tianshan Ocean.
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致谢: 感谢中国地质调查局授予本文涉及的1:5万板房沟幅“特优图幅”荣誉称号！感谢项目组全体师生在填图工作中的辛勤付出！
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图 1 研究区大地构造位置及区域地质简图
a—中亚造山带地质简图（据Jahn et al., 2004修改）; b—新疆北部构造单元分区图（据Xiao et al., 2008修改）; c—研究区及邻近地区地质简图
Figure 1. Tectonic setting and regional geological sketch map of the study area
a-Geological sketch map of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (modified from Jahn et al., 2004); b-Tectonic divisions of northern Xinjiang (modified from Xiao et al., 2008); c-Geological map of the study area and adjacent areas
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图 2 1: 5万板房沟幅和小柳沟幅北半幅地质图
Figure 2. Geological map of 1: 50, 000 Banfanggou and North Xiaoliugou sheets
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图 3 大柳沟组火山岩及其与下伏岩系不整合关系和锆石U-Pb年龄
a—大柳沟组玄武岩与下伏庙尔沟组粉砂岩的角度不整合关系; b—大柳沟组渣状熔岩（气孔玄武岩）; c—大柳沟组粗安质角砾熔岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图（据赵浩等, 2018b）
Figure 3. Volcanic rock of Daliugou Formation and its unconformity with underlying strata and zircon U-Pb age
a-Unconformity between basalt of the Daliugou Formation and siltstone of the Miaoergou Formation; b-Stomatal basalt of the Daliugou Formation; c-Zircon U-Pb concordant diagram of the trachyte-andesitic breccia lava of the Daliugou Formation (after Zhao Hao et al., 2018b)
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图 4 红柳沟组和塔木岗组野外现象及其中化石
a—红柳沟组一段薄层灰岩与钙质泥岩互层; b—红柳沟组第二段的硅质泥岩夹凝灰质杂砂岩; c—红柳沟组和塔木岗组的平行不整合接触关系; d—塔木岗组的中层砂岩-薄层泥岩夹粉砂岩沉积，发育巨大的砂岩结核。化石: 1—Linoproductus sp.; 2—Dictyoclostus deruptus quadratus F.M. Zhang; 3~4—Unispirifer sp.; 5—Brachthyrina sp.; 6~7—Limipectecten tianshanensis Yang; 8—Thamnopora sp.; 9—Amsdenoides sp.; 10—Syringaxon bohemicum (Barrande); 11—Barrandeophyllum sp.; 12—Palaeocyathus bohemicus Počta
Figure 4. Field phenomena and fossils of Hongliugou Formation and Tamugang Formation
a-Interbedded thin-layered limestones and calcareous mudstones in the lower part of the Hongliugou Formation; b-Silty mudstones intercalated with tuffaceous greywacke in the middle part of the Hongliugou Formation; c-Parallel unconformity between the Hongliugou Formation and the Tamugang Formation; d-Interbedded middle-layered sandstones and thin-layered mudstone intercalated with siltstones of the Tamugang Formation, with large sandstone nodules observed
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图 5 二道沟组火山岩及其与妖魔梁组角度不整合关系和构造环境判别
a—二道沟组地层与下伏地层呈角度不整合接触; b—二道沟组底部的巨砾岩; c—基性火山岩（上）与酸性火山岩（下）互层; d—基性岩Zr/Y-Zr图解(底图据Pearce and Norry, 1979); e—酸性岩Rb-Y+Nb图解(底图据Pearce, 1984), 其中: ORG—大洋脊花岗岩, WPG—板内花岗岩, VAG—火山弧花岗岩, Syn-COLG—同碰撞花岗岩, post—COLG-后碰撞花岗岩
Figure 5. Volcanic rock of Erdaogou Formation and its angular unconformity with underlying Yaomoliang Formation and tectonic setting discrimination
a-Angular unconformity between the Erdaogou Formation and underlying strata; b-Giant conglomerates at the bottom of the Erdaogou Formation; c-Basic volcanic rocks (upper) interbedded with acidic volcanic rocks (lower) in the Erdaogou Formation; d-Zr/Y-Zr diagram of basic rocks of the Erdaogou Formation (after Pearce and Norry, 1979); e-Rb-Y+Nb diagram of acid rocks of the Erdaogou Formation (after Pearce, 1984). ORGOceanic ridge granite, WPG-Intraplate granite, VAG-Volcanic arc granite, syn-COLG-Syn-collision granite, post-COLG-post-collision granite
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图 6 莫钦乌拉断裂南北志留—泥盆系地层对比图
Figure 6. Correlation of Silurian-Devonian strata on the north and south sides of the Moqinwula fault
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图 7 莫钦乌拉山妖魔梁一带妖魔梁组地层序列
a—第一段的鲍马序列; b—第一段中火焰状软沉积变形构造; c—第二段中部薄层泥岩与粉砂岩互层，夹介壳层和形态规则的灰岩透镜体; d-第二段上部的中-厚层砂岩与泥岩互层; e—第二段上部的植物茎化石; f—第三段的砾岩; g—第三段上部的泥岩夹粉-细砂岩或两者互层，发育宽缓褶皱，局部可见箱状褶皱
Figure 7. Stratigraphic sequence of the Yaomoliang Formation in the Yaomoliang area, Moqinwula Mountain
a-Bouma sequence in the first section; b-Flame-shaped soft deformation in the first section; c-Thin-layered mudstones interbedded with siltstones, intercalated with shell layers and regular limestone lens in the middle part of the second section; d-Thick-layered sandstones interbedded with mudstones in the upper part of the second section; e-Fossilized plant stems at the top of the second section; f-Conglomerates in the third section; g-Mudstones interbedded with silt-fine sandstones in the upper part of the third section, gentle folds and partially flat topped folds well developed
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图 8 莫钦乌拉山早石炭世花岗岩及其锆石U-Pb年龄协和图及构造背景判别图解
a—花岗岩野外露头; b—锆石U-Pb谐和年龄; c—花岗岩类型判别图解; d—花岗岩Rb-(Y+Nb)成因判别图(底图据Pearce, 1984), 其中: ORG—大洋脊花岗岩, WPG-板内花岗岩, VAG—火山弧花岗岩, syn-COLG—同碰撞花岗岩, post—COLG-后碰撞花岗岩; e-花岗岩R1-R2判别图(底图据Batchelor and Bowden, 1985), 其中: ①—幔源花岗岩, ②—板块碰撞前消减地区花岗岩, ③—板块碰撞后隆起花岗岩, ④—晚造山期花岗岩, ⑤—非造山花岗岩, ⑥—地壳熔融的花岗岩(同碰撞), ⑦—造山后期花岗岩. R1=4Si-11(Na+K)-2(Fe+Ti), R2=6Ca+2Mg+Al
Figure 8. Early Carboniferous granite, zircon U-Pb age and tectonic setting discrimination in the Moqinwula Mountain
a-Granite outcrop; b-Zircon U-Pb concordant age; c-Discrimination diagram of granite types; d-Rb-(Y+Nb) discrimination diagram of tectonic setting (after Pearce, 1984); e-R1-R2 discrimination diagram of tectonic setting. ORG-Oceanic ridge granite, WPG-Intraplate granite, VAGVolcanic arc granite, syn-COLG-Syn-collision granite, post-COLG-Post-collision granite. ①-Mantle-derived granite; ②-Subduction related granite before plate collision; ③-Uplifted granite after plate collision; ④-Serorogenic granite; ⑤-Anorogenic granite; ⑥-Crust melting granite (syn-collision), ⑦-Post-orogenic granite. R1=4Si-11(Na+K)-2(Fe+Ti), R2=6Ca+2Mg+Al
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图 9 奥陶系庙尔沟组地层南北向构造变形特征
a—南北向层理沿走向的弯曲，反映后期北西-南东向褶皱对早期近南北向构造的叠加; b—平行层理方向的近南北向劈理; c—层理极点的下半球极射赤平投影极密图; d—后期叠加的NW-SE走向的区域性劈理极点的下半球极射赤平投影极密图
Figure 9. NS-trending deformation in the Ordovician Miaoergou Formation
a-Bending along the NS-striking bedding, showing the superimposed fold of late NW-SE trending folds on early NS-trending structures; b-Approximately NS-trending cleavage parallel to the bedding; c-Lower hemisphere stereographic projection of bedding poles; d-Lower hemisphere stereographic projection of late superimposed NW-SE trending cleavage poles
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图 10 莫钦乌拉断裂南北两侧志留—石炭纪地层中的北西-南东向构造变形对比
a~c—莫钦乌拉断裂北侧泥盆纪地层中的变形: a—逆冲推覆构造相关的轴面倾向东北的牵引褶皱; b—逆冲推覆相关的牵引褶皱叠加在先期的尖棱褶皱之上; c—高角度逆冲断裂带中发育的S-C面理和构造透镜体; d~e—莫钦乌拉断裂南侧志留—石炭纪地层中的变形：d—红柳沟组中的宽缓褶皱; e—妖魔梁组中的宽缓褶皱，轴面均高角度倾向北东；f—上志留统—下泥盆统红柳沟组逆冲至下石炭统塔木岗组之上，红柳沟组地层发生倒转。图中红色线条代表断层，白色虚线代表地层层理，黄色实线代表褶皱轴面，黄色虚线代表劈理
Figure 10. Deformation comparison in the Silurian-Carboniferous strata between the north side and south side of the Moqinwula fault
a-c-Deformations in the Devonian strata on the north side of the Moqinwula fault: a-Thrust related drag folds with axial plane dipping to the NE; b-Thrust related drag folds superimposed on the earlier angular folds; c-S-C fabric and tectonic lens along the reverse fault; d-e-Deformations in the Silurian-Carboniferous strata on the south side of the Moqinwula fault: d-Gentle folds in the Hongliugou Formation; e-Gentle folds in the Yaomoliang Formation with axial plane dipping to the NE; f- Hongliugou Formation thrusting on the Tamugang Formation with reversed Hongliugou Formation. On the photos, red line=fault, white line=bedding, yellow full line=axial plane and yellow dash line=cleavage
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