Discussion on the initial timing of the Indosinian movement in the Ordos basin and the Sichuan basin: Constraints from growth strata evidence
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摘要:
造山带的形成、演化与周缘盆地受统一构造事件影响，"盆"与"山"在构造和沉积方面相互耦合，沉积盆地存在造山事件的响应，如生长地层、包卷层理等。生长地层为同构造或同变形阶段沉积，其沉积时代可以有效约束构造事件时代。中央造山带近东西向展布，北侧为鄂尔多斯地块，南侧为扬子地块。中央造山带的形成主要源于原-古特提斯洋的闭合，原特提斯洋在早古生代闭合，古特提斯洋在中生代闭合，后者改造前者并响应全球印支运动。印支运动的启动，一方面促使现今中国大陆雏形的形成，另一方面响应Pangea超大陆的最终汇聚，具有重要的大地构造意义。古特提斯洋闭合，华南地块和华北地块汇聚拼贴，并在鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地沉积地层中保留了很好的记录。笔者在鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上三叠统识别出一套生长地层，通过最年轻碎屑锆石与区内相同地层凝灰岩锆石对比，限定印支运动启动时间为233 Ma左右；在四川盆地北缘上三叠统须家河组识别出一套生长地层，通过对比分析，推测印支运动启动时间为216 Ma左右。
Abstract:The formation and evolution of the orogenic belt and the peripheral basin were controlled by some genetic tectonic events. The "basin" and "range" are coupled to some extent both in structure and sedimentation. Sedimentary structures can always respond to related orogenic events, such as growth strata and convolute bedding. Growth strata are sedimentary records of the tectonic events, and the analysis of their deposit age can effectively constrain the timing of the tectonic events. The Central China Orogen is distributed in the east-west direction. The north side of the central segment is the Ordos block, and the south side is the Yangtze block. The Central China Orogen mainly resulted from the closure of the Pro-Paleo Tethys Ocean, the extinction of ProTethys Ocean happened in the Paleozoic and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean was closed in the Mesozoic. Notably, the latter modified the orogen resulting from the former and responded to the global Indosinian movement. The Indosinian movement not only facilitated the final assembly of supercontinent Pangea, but also was of great significance in the formation of the rudimentary sketch of China's mainland today. In the process of the Indosinian movement, the South China block and the North China block were collaged, and the Indosinian movement was initiated. The Ordos Basin and the Sichuan Basin recorded the orogenic events well in sedimentary strata. In this paper, the authors identified growth strata in the Upper Triassic on the south margin of the Ordos Basin. The starting time of the Indosinian movement in the Ordos Basin is about 233 Ma. A sets of growth strata were identified in the Upper Triassic on the north margin of the Sichuan Basin and the start time was about 216 Ma.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
松科二井，获取了从基底—火石岭组—沙河子组—营城组—登娄库组下部连续完整的原位岩心。本文对松科二井沙河子组上部的孢粉化石进行研究，为研究白垩纪地球温室气候和环境变化，建立服务“百年大庆”目标和基础地质研究的“金柱子”提供基础资料。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
孢粉样品采自松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m，岩性为黑色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，层位为沙河子组上部。孢粉分析鉴定在吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心完成，具体过程为：每个样品取过筛的干样50 g，进行盐酸→氢氟酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸→硝酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸等分析处理，用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中在试管中，制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
3. 研究结果（Results）
依据松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m井段的孢粉化石演化特征，划分出两个孢粉组合。
（1）Leiotriletes sp.- Cyathidites australis - Chasmatosporites sp.组合（简称LCC组合），分布在3832.94~3901.35m井段。蕨类孢子占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较低，未见被子类花粉。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Cyathidites australis，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyclogranisporites sp.，有时代意义的还有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C. minutaestriatus、C. splendidus、C.australiensis、Klukisporites sp.、Maculatisporites sp.、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites tribotrys、Aequitriradites sp.和Polycingulatisporites reduncus等；裸子类花粉含量最高的是Chasmatosporites sp.，其次是Psophosphaera sp.，有时代意义的类型有Parvisaccites sp.、Erlianpollis minisculus、Paleoconifersp.、Pseudowalchia sp.和Classopollis sp.等。
（2）Klukisporites triangulus- Aequitriradites sp.- Pristinuspollenites sp.组合（简称KAP组合），分布在3395.46~3613.62 m井段。裸子类花粉百分含量（53.03%~72.13%）较高，其次为蕨类孢子（27.87% ~46.97%），未见到被子类花粉。裸子类花粉中含量最高的是Alisporites parvus，其次是Piceaepollenites sp.，含量较高的类型还有Chasmatosporites sp.、Pinuspollenites divulgatus和P. sp.等，有时代意义的还有Parvisaccites otagoensis、Erlianpollis minisculus、E. mediocris、Jiaohepollis sp.和Classopollis classoides等。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Klukisporites sp.，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyathidites australis，含量较高的类型还有Cyclogranisporites sp.等，有时代意义的有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C.apiteretus、C. australiensis、Klukisporites triangulus、K.variegatus、Pilosisporites scitulus、Impardecispora sp.、Levisporites wulinensis、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites humilis、Aequitriradites sp.和Schizaeoisporites sp.等。
含有早白垩世特有或在早白垩世繁盛的分子：Cicatricosisporites、Klukisporites、Pilosisporites、Maculatisporites、Impardecispora、Levisporites、Triporoletes、Trilobosporites、Aequitriradites、Schizaeoisporites、Polycingulatisporites、Parvisaccites、Paleoconiferus、Erlianpollis、Foveotriletes.和Classopollis等（图 1）。
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图 1 松科二井沙河子组部分孢粉化石（1-Cicatricosisporites exilis，样品号：SK2-375；2. -Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus，标品号：SK2-385；3-Cicatricosisporites splendidus，标品号：SK2-385；4-Cicatricosisporites australiensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-375；5-Levisporites wulinensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；6. Aequitriradites sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389; 7-Trilobosporites tribotrys，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389；8- Classopollis classoides，标品号：SK2-97；9-Erlianpollis minisculus，样品号(number)：SK2-395; 10. Parvisaccites sp.，样品号：SK2-395；11. Pilosisporites scitulus，标品号：SK2-201；12-Triporoletes asper，标品号(specimen number)：SK2-219；13. Foveotriletes subtriangulularis，样品号：SK2-219；14-Klukisporites triangulus，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；15-Impardecispora sp.，样品号：SK2-201; 16-Schizaeoisporites polaris，样品号：SK2-173；17-Polycingulatisporites reduncus，标品号：SK2-395；18-Maculatisporites sp.，样品号：SK2-391。19-Chasmatosporites sp.，样品号：SK2-389; 20-Paleoconiferae sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-391;线段比例尺为10 μm, the scale of the line segment is 10 μm）Figure 1. Spores and pollen from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Well SK2上述2个孢粉组合分布在，属沙河子组上部，LCC组合蕨类孢子百分含量占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较少，从组合特点来看，可以与高瑞琪等人建立的沙河子组上部Granulatisporites-Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合大致对比，但上部的KAP组合层位显然高于高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合。与高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合相比，当前孢粉组合出现的有时代意义的孢粉类型更多且时代更新。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
两个孢粉组合海金砂科孢子繁盛，类型多样化，没有发现早期被子植物花粉；虽在蕨类孢子与裸子类花粉的百分含量及属种构成上明显不同，但出现的有时代意义的化石类型基本相同，其时代均为早白垩世早期。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为国家自然科学基金项目（41790451)和中国地质调查局项目（DD20190097）共同资助。孢粉化石由张淑琴研究员鉴定。
致谢: 本文在完成的过程中，参与过野外工作的有李江瑜、史建杰、张艳国、罗英杰等；室内工作得到王亚莹和苗慧心等人的帮助，在此一并致谢。 -
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图 1 研究区区域地质图
（地层代号及时代以中国地层表2014版为准）
Figure 1. Geological map of the study area
(Geological legends after Chronostratigraphic Chart in China, 2014)
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图 2 华北和华南地块汇聚模型及其印支运动时限
Figure 2. Convergence models between North and South China blocks with respective Indosinian ages
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图 3 研究区区域角度不整合接触
（1~9据Guo et al., 2017；10~15据Chen et al., 2007；16~19据时建超，2010; 20~28据高飞，2009；29~33为本文资料）
Figure 3. Regional unconformity contacts in the study area
(1~9 after Guo et al., 2017; 10~15 after Chen et al., 2007; 16~19 after Shi, 2010; 20~28 after Gao, 2009; 29~33 in this study)
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图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘二叠系含砾石粗砂岩
Figure 5. Permian gravel-bearing coarse sandstone in southern Ordos basin
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图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘生长地层最年轻碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄
Figure 7. The youngest zircon U-Pb ages of the growth strata on the southern margin of Ordos basin
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图 9 四川盆地北缘须家河组底部砾岩
Figure 9. Conglomerate at the bottom of Xujiahe Formation on the northern margin of Sichuan basin
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图 10 四川盆地北缘生长地层最年轻碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄
Figure 10. The youngest zircon U-Pb age of the growth strata on the northern margin of Sichuan basin
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图 12 印支期盆山构造体系及三叠纪盆地分布
Figure 12. Structure system and Triassic basins in the Indosinian period
表 1 华北地块和华南地块汇聚代表性模型
Table 1 Classic convergence models between North and South China blocks
下载: 导出CSV
表 附表2 鄂尔多斯盆地南缘和四川盆地北缘生长地层最年轻碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素测试数据
Table 附表2 Zircon U-Pb isotope data of the youngest zircon U-Pb ages of the growth strata from the southern margin of Ordos basin and the northern margin of Sichuan basin
下载: 导出CSV
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