The discovery of the Paleoproterozoic syenite in Helishan, Gansu Province, and its implications for the tectonic attribution of the Alxa Block
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摘要:
阿拉善地块的大地构造属性是近年来地质界激烈争论的科学问题：是华北克拉通的一部分，还是在前寒武纪尚未与华北克拉通拼合?研究阿拉善地块的基底并与华北克拉通主体进行对比，对探讨这一问题具有重要启示。阿拉善地块的基底仅在其东部和西南缘零星出露，且前人的研究主要集中在地块东部。在阿拉善地块西部的合黎山地区，有正长岩侵入龙首山群，并被震旦系不整合覆盖。该正长岩强烈富钾（K2O=13.77%），轻、重稀土明显分异（（La/Yb）N=46.62），显示Nb-Ta负异常和Pb-Zr-Hf正异常，并具有高Sr低Nd的同位素特征（εNd（t）=-5.05），表明该岩体源于玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明，该正长岩形成于（1872 ±12）Ma，即古元古代，并记录了~2.7 Ga的地壳生长以及~2.5 Ga和~1.95 Ga的岩浆活动。合黎山古元古代正长岩的发现补充了阿拉善地块前寒武纪基底的组成，进一步完善了阿拉善地块新太古代-古元古代基底和构造热事件的时代格架，且与华北克拉通主体十分相似，指示二者具有明显的亲缘性。
Abstract:The tectonic affinity of the Alxa block has long been in debate. It may be part of the North China Craton (NCC), or independent from the NCC during the Precambrian. The comparison of basements between the Alxa block and the NCC would be helpful to solving this dispute, but the Alxa basement is relatively poorly studied due to limited outcrops, with most of available data reported in eastern Alxa. Recently, a syenite that intruded into the Longshoushan Group has been sampled in Helishan area, western Alxa, and both of them are unconformably covered by Sinian strata. The Helishan syenite is characterized by extremely enriched K2O (13.77%) and LREE[(La/Yb)N=46.62], and shows distinct negative and positive anomalies of Nb-Ta and Pb-Zr-Hf, respectively, with EM-I type Sr-Nd isotope features (εNd(t)=-5.05), implying partial melting of basaltic lower crust. Moreover, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb data indicate that this syenite was formed during Paleoproterozoic (1872 ±12) Ma and display records of~2.7 Ga crustal growth and~2.5, 2.1 and 1.95 Ga magmatic activities. According to data from this study and previously published data, the Neoarchean-Pelaoproterozoic basements and tectono-thermal events of the Alxa block and the NCC are geochronologically consistent, indicating very close affinity between them.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
松科二井，获取了从基底—火石岭组—沙河子组—营城组—登娄库组下部连续完整的原位岩心。本文对松科二井沙河子组上部的孢粉化石进行研究，为研究白垩纪地球温室气候和环境变化，建立服务“百年大庆”目标和基础地质研究的“金柱子”提供基础资料。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
孢粉样品采自松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m，岩性为黑色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，层位为沙河子组上部。孢粉分析鉴定在吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心完成，具体过程为：每个样品取过筛的干样50 g，进行盐酸→氢氟酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸→硝酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸等分析处理，用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中在试管中，制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
3. 研究结果（Results）
依据松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m井段的孢粉化石演化特征，划分出两个孢粉组合。
（1）Leiotriletes sp.- Cyathidites australis - Chasmatosporites sp.组合（简称LCC组合），分布在3832.94~3901.35m井段。蕨类孢子占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较低，未见被子类花粉。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Cyathidites australis，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyclogranisporites sp.，有时代意义的还有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C. minutaestriatus、C. splendidus、C.australiensis、Klukisporites sp.、Maculatisporites sp.、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites tribotrys、Aequitriradites sp.和Polycingulatisporites reduncus等；裸子类花粉含量最高的是Chasmatosporites sp.，其次是Psophosphaera sp.，有时代意义的类型有Parvisaccites sp.、Erlianpollis minisculus、Paleoconifersp.、Pseudowalchia sp.和Classopollis sp.等。
（2）Klukisporites triangulus- Aequitriradites sp.- Pristinuspollenites sp.组合（简称KAP组合），分布在3395.46~3613.62 m井段。裸子类花粉百分含量（53.03%~72.13%）较高，其次为蕨类孢子（27.87% ~46.97%），未见到被子类花粉。裸子类花粉中含量最高的是Alisporites parvus，其次是Piceaepollenites sp.，含量较高的类型还有Chasmatosporites sp.、Pinuspollenites divulgatus和P. sp.等，有时代意义的还有Parvisaccites otagoensis、Erlianpollis minisculus、E. mediocris、Jiaohepollis sp.和Classopollis classoides等。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Klukisporites sp.，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyathidites australis，含量较高的类型还有Cyclogranisporites sp.等，有时代意义的有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C.apiteretus、C. australiensis、Klukisporites triangulus、K.variegatus、Pilosisporites scitulus、Impardecispora sp.、Levisporites wulinensis、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites humilis、Aequitriradites sp.和Schizaeoisporites sp.等。
含有早白垩世特有或在早白垩世繁盛的分子：Cicatricosisporites、Klukisporites、Pilosisporites、Maculatisporites、Impardecispora、Levisporites、Triporoletes、Trilobosporites、Aequitriradites、Schizaeoisporites、Polycingulatisporites、Parvisaccites、Paleoconiferus、Erlianpollis、Foveotriletes.和Classopollis等（图 1）。
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图 1 松科二井沙河子组部分孢粉化石（1-Cicatricosisporites exilis，样品号：SK2-375；2. -Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus，标品号：SK2-385；3-Cicatricosisporites splendidus，标品号：SK2-385；4-Cicatricosisporites australiensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-375；5-Levisporites wulinensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；6. Aequitriradites sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389; 7-Trilobosporites tribotrys，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389；8- Classopollis classoides，标品号：SK2-97；9-Erlianpollis minisculus，样品号(number)：SK2-395; 10. Parvisaccites sp.，样品号：SK2-395；11. Pilosisporites scitulus，标品号：SK2-201；12-Triporoletes asper，标品号(specimen number)：SK2-219；13. Foveotriletes subtriangulularis，样品号：SK2-219；14-Klukisporites triangulus，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；15-Impardecispora sp.，样品号：SK2-201; 16-Schizaeoisporites polaris，样品号：SK2-173；17-Polycingulatisporites reduncus，标品号：SK2-395；18-Maculatisporites sp.，样品号：SK2-391。19-Chasmatosporites sp.，样品号：SK2-389; 20-Paleoconiferae sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-391;线段比例尺为10 μm, the scale of the line segment is 10 μm）Figure 1. Spores and pollen from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Well SK2上述2个孢粉组合分布在，属沙河子组上部，LCC组合蕨类孢子百分含量占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较少，从组合特点来看，可以与高瑞琪等人建立的沙河子组上部Granulatisporites-Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合大致对比，但上部的KAP组合层位显然高于高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合。与高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合相比，当前孢粉组合出现的有时代意义的孢粉类型更多且时代更新。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
两个孢粉组合海金砂科孢子繁盛，类型多样化，没有发现早期被子植物花粉；虽在蕨类孢子与裸子类花粉的百分含量及属种构成上明显不同，但出现的有时代意义的化石类型基本相同，其时代均为早白垩世早期。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为国家自然科学基金项目（41790451)和中国地质调查局项目（DD20190097）共同资助。孢粉化石由张淑琴研究员鉴定。
致谢: 感谢审稿人对本文的宝贵意见！感谢邵浩浩、苗慧心和史建杰在野外及实验过程中的帮助，锆石U-Pb定年和全岩Sr-Nd同位素测试过程中中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所王倩和中国地质科学院地质研究所唐索寒研究员的帮助！ -
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图 1 阿拉善地块大地构造位置（a据Zhao et al., 2005修改）和地质简图（b据Gong et al., 2012修改）
Figure 1. Tectonic map of the Alxa Block (a, modified from Zhao et al., 2005) and Geological sketch map of the Alxa Block (b, modified from Gong et al., 2012)
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图 2 合黎山正长岩的野外特征（a）和镜下特征（b，正交偏光）
Bt—黑云母；Mc—微斜长石；Ms—白云母；Or—正长石；Pl—斜长石
Figure 2. Field characteristics (a) and mineral assemblages (b, crossed nicols) of the Helishan syenite
Bt-Biotite; Mc-Microcline; Ms-Muscovite; Or-Orthoclase; Pl-Plagioclase
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图 3 合黎山正长岩锆石阴极发光照片（CL）与谐和图
Figure 3. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images and zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams of the Helishan syenite
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图 4 合黎山正长岩主量及微量元素特征
（下地壳平均组分参考Rudnick and Gao, 2003）
Figure 4. Diagrams showing major and trace element features of the Helishan syenite
(the composition of lower crust after Rudnick and Gao, 2003)
表 1 合黎山古元古代正长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年数据
Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data for the Paleoproterozoic syenite in Helishan
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 合黎山正长岩主量（%）及微量元素（10-6）含量
Table 2 Major (%) and trace element (10-6) concentrations of the Paleoproterozoic syenite in Helishan
下载: 导出CSV
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