The utilization of integrated geophysical profiles to reveal the basement geology and geophysical characteristics of the Songliao Basin: A case study of the profile of Well SK-2
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摘要:
松辽盆地是中国东北部中-新生代陆相沉积盆地，本文在深入分析东北地区古生代地层特征、沉积环境及构造演化基础之上，以过松科二井地区综合地球物理资料解译为基础，开展基底的属性和地球物理特征研究。松科二井南北剖面发现：布格重力异常具有中间高两边低的特点；磁异常呈现出与重力异常负相关的趋势；电性表现为浅部分层、高-低阻交叉重叠和深部分区的特征。东西剖面发现：布格重力异常具有西高东低的趋势；磁异常形态呈"碗状"；电性结构与南北剖面相比深部出现了高阻异常。结合地球物理特征与岩相古地理分析，得到以下结论：（1）上古生界晚石炭世至晚二叠世期间，具有浅海相、陆相、河湖相多种沉积环境，相应岩性组合具有不同的物性特征；（2）重磁电地球物理特征揭示了研究区基底主要由泥砂岩、大理岩和侵入岩组成，基底顶面埋深位于7 km左右，上古生界和侵入岩共同组成了研究区基底；（3）识别出了滨州断裂带、孙吴-双辽断裂带、海伦-任民断裂带以及深层次断裂体系的位置和走向，断裂构造主要以SN和EW向为主，它们作为构成古生代构造骨架的重要组成部分，控制着深部油气运移和贮藏。
Abstract:Songliao Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basin in Northeast China. Based on a detailed analysis of the Paleozoic stratigraphic characteristics, sedimentary environment and tectonic evolution in Northeast China, the authors conducted the interpretation of the comprehensive geophysical data across Well SK-2 to investigate the properties and geophysical characteristics of the basement in this paper. On the SN profile, the authors have found some phenomena:the Bouguer gravity anomaly in Well SK-2 is high in the middle and low on both sides; the magnetic anomaly shows a negative correlation with gravity anomaly; magnetotelluric properties are characterized by partial layers and high-low resistance crossover in the shallow part and partial regions in the deep part. On the EW profile, the gravity anomaly curve has the trend high in the west and low in the east; the magnetic anomaly curve is "bowl-shaped"; there exists a high resistance structure compared with features of the SN-trending profile. Combining geophysical characteristics with lithofacies palaeogeography, the authors have reached the following conclusions:1. From the Late Carboniferous to Late Permian in the Upper Paleozoic, there were many sedimentary environments such as shallow marine facies, continental facies, rivers and lakes. The corresponding lithologic combinations had different physical characteristics; 2. The geomagnetic characteristics of the gravity, magnetic method and magnetotelluric sounding's results reveal that the basement of the study area is mainly composed of mudstone, marble and intrusive rocks, and the burial depth of the roof of the basement is about 7km. The base of the study area is formed by the Upper Paleozoic and intrusive rocks. 3. The location and orientation of the Binzhou fault zone, the Sunwu-Shuangliao fault zone, the Helen-Renmin fault zone and the deep fault system are identified. The fault structures are mainly dominated by SN and EW trending structures. They are important components of the Paleozoic structural skeleton and control the migration and storage of deep oil and gas.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素，其地壳丰度为1.5×10-6，主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示，闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物，但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10-6)外，其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型，SEDEX；火山块状硫化物型，VMS；密西西比河谷型，MVT，等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常 < 300×10-6。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象，现报道如下。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
在细致深入的矿床学和矿物学研究基础上，利用激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对竹林沟锌矿床主要金属矿物闪锌矿进行原位微量元素组成分析。统计闪锌矿中Ge等元素的富集特征，结合相关分析和以往研究成果，揭示竹林沟锌矿床中Ge的超常富集机制。
3. 研究结果(Results)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量为592×10-6~1100×10-6(平均764×10-6，表 1)，锌矿石中Ge的平均品位97.9×10-6。闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料显示，扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT铅锌矿床，如牛角塘、会泽、毛坪、富乐等，其闪锌矿中Ge的含量均 < 652×10-6，即便富乐矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量最高，但其平均含量也仅为191×10-6，明显比竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)低。
表 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿部分元素含量(10-6)Table 1. The part elemental contents of sphalerite from the Zhulingou Zn deposit(10-6)
与世界上主要类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料相比，竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比SEDEX(Ge含量通常 < 50×10-6)、VMS(Ge含量多数 < 100×10-6)和MVT(Ge含量n×10-6~n×102×10-6，Ge平均含量 < 300×10-6)等闪锌矿中Ge的含量高出一个数量级。竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量与法国Noailhac-Saint Salvy热液脉型Zn-Ge-Ag-Pb-Cd矿床(Ge平均含量750×10-6)和玻利维亚Porco浅成热液型Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn-Ge矿床(n×102×10-6~2500×10-6)等少数类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)相当。
可见，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比目前已知扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)都高，且明显高出全球主要类型(除岩浆热液型和热液脉型外)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)一个数量级，具有显著超常富集特征(接近Ge地壳丰度的1000倍)。
初步分析显示，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ga和Cd之间具有正相关关系；相反，Fe与Ga和Cd之间均具有负相关关系，这表明该矿床闪锌矿中Ga和Cd很可能不是直接替代Zn而是替代Fe，与笔者前期认识基本一致。然而，不难发现该矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ge之间呈一定的负相关关系，但Fe和Ge之间则呈一定的正相关关系，进一步地Zn与Fe之间具有显著的负相关关系，且Zn与Fe+Ge之间负相关性更显著(图 1)。目前，闪锌矿中主要有六种Ge替代Zn的方式：(1)2Cu++Cu2++Ge4+↔4Zn2+；(2)Ge2+↔Zn2+；(3)2Ag++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(4)2Cu++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(5)□(晶体空位)+Ge4+↔2Zn2+；(6)nCu+Ge↔(n+1)Zn。可见，这六种替代方式均不能解释竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn和Fe+Ge之间的强烈负相关关系。因此，笔者推测该矿床中Ge很可能是与Fe一起共同替代Zn进入闪锌矿晶格(Fe+Ge↔2Zn)，是一种新的Ge替代方式。
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图 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn-(Fe+Ge)相关图解Figure 1. Relationship diagram of sphalerite Zn-(Fe+Ge)in the Zhulingou Zn deposit4. 结论(Conclusions)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中显著超常富集锗，锗的富集程度接近1000倍，且锗与铁一起共同替代锌进入闪锌矿晶格，是一种新的锗替代方式。初步估算竹林沟锌矿床锗金属储量超过400 t，而竹林沟锌矿床外围还有半边街等锌矿床，初步预测研究区锗资源量可能达到超大型规模(>1000 t)，一个新的国家级乃至世界级锗资源基地曙光已现。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgments)
感谢科技部、国家自然科学基金委、云南省科技厅和云南大学对本项目的支持。
致谢: 成文过程中得到了杨宝俊教授的建议，在此表示衷心的感谢！ -
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图 1 研究区构造位置图（据葛荣峰等，2010；王璞珺等，2015）
Figure 1. The structural location map of the study area (after Ge et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2015)
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图 2 松辽盆地中生界双层结构剖面示意图（据周庆华等，2007）
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the double-layer structure of the Mesozoic in the Songliao Basin (after Zhou et al., 2007)
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图 3 东北地区上古生界岩相古地理图
（据张兴洲等，2008；谢宏坤等，2012；曲希玉等，2013；张满利等，2015；吴亮君等，2017）
Figure 3. Lithofacies-paleogeographical map of the Upper Paleozoic in Northeast China
(after Zhang et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2012; Qu et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2017)
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图 4 重磁电剖面测点分布图
Figure 4. Measuring point distribution of gravity, magnetic method and magnetotelluric sounding's profiles
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图 5 大地电磁测深剖面二维电性结构
Figure 5. Two-dimensional electrical structure of magnetotelluric sounding's profiles
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图 6 过松科二井重磁异常曲线、电性剖面及基于地震剖面的综合解释（地震剖面符伟等，2019）
Figure 6. Gravity and magnetic anomaly curves, electrical profiles and comprehensive interpretation based on seismic profiles through Well SK-2 (seismic profile after Fu et al., 2019)
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