Research on the modes of occurrence and application of geothermal resources in the middle and deep layers of the piedmont area in southern Guanzhong Basin
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摘要:
地热资源的广泛利用有助于减少化石燃料的使用、降低雾霾污染。关中盆地南部山前地区的地热资源丰富，开发潜力大，但研究程度较低。本文概述了关中盆地南部山前地区的自然地理概况，分析了该区域地热资源开发利用过程中存在的问题，总结了区域地热载体特征和构造单元特征，划分了区域内近地表处（20 m）、深层（1500 m）处、地温梯度以及大地热流值分布情况。按赋存条件的不同，将地热流体分为四个地段，并详细论述每段的地质特征和成因模式。认为研究区地热资源主要来源于地球的内部热能，其次为地壳中放射性元素衰变、矿物转化过程中产生的热能以及少量生物降解产生的能量，将地热资源的形成模式分为热传导型和热对流型两类，热传导型地热资源广泛分布，热对流型地热资源分布在导通深部高温部位的断裂带附近。采用体积法计算了关中盆地南部山前地区地热单元储存的总热量，4000 m以深暂难利用的地热资源量及4000 m以浅能利用的地热资源量。采用热流量法计算了宝鸡温水沟、眉县汤浴、蓝田汤浴、华清池和西安东大等高地温异常区的地热流体资源量。根据研究区地热资源赋存规律，划分了地热资源的鼓励开采区和保持开采区，指明了地热资源的利用方向。本文旨在适时推动陕西省关中盆地南部山前地区的清洁能源事业，为区域地热资源的科学、长期开发提供理论依据。
Abstract:Widespread use of geothermal resources helps reduce the use of fossil fuels and the management of haze. There are rich geothermal resources on the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain, but the research work is slow and unevenly distributed. This paper outlines the natural geography of the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain, discusses the characteristics of regional geothermal carriers and structural units, describes the distribution at the depth of near-surface (20 m) and deep place (1500 m) as well as geothermal gradients and Geothermal flow value. According to the different characteristics, the geothermal fluid on the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain is divided into four sections, with a discussion given to the characteristics of each section. The authors analyzed geothermal resources on the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain:the main source of energy is the conduction of heat inside the earth, supplementary energy is thermal energy generated by the decay of radioactive elements in rocks in deep formations, and thermal energy is generated during the conversion of montmorillonite to illite and biodegradation of organic matter heat energy. The formation patterns of geothermal resources on the northern foot of the Qinling Mountain are divided into heat conduction type and thermal convection type:Heat conduction geothermal resources are widely distributed, and thermal convection geothermal resources are mainly distributed in areas where deep faults are directly connected with the surface and in the vicinity of the fault zone. The authors calculated the total heat stored in the geothermal unit using the volumetric method and the amount of geothermal resources that are difficult to be used at 4000 m as well as the amount of geothermal resources that can be utilized at 4000 m. The authors calculated the geothermal fluid resources of Wenshuigou in Baoji, Tangyu in Meixian, Tangyu in Lantian, Huaqing Pool and Dongda in Xi'an by using heat flow method. According to the law of geothermal resource occurrence in the study area, the authors divided the whole region into encouraged mining area of geothermal resources and maintained mining area, and pointed out the direction of geothermal resources utilization. The purpose of this paper is to promote the clean energy industry on the northern foot of Qinling Mountains in a timely manner and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and long-term development of geothermal resources.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
碳酸钙是全球应用最广泛的非金属矿物材料之一，它不仅是建材、造纸、塑料、涂料、橡胶、油漆、冶金等行业的原料或改性功能材料，而且在日用化工、食品、医药、卫生保健等领域发挥着独特的作用。广西贺州大理岩矿产丰富，被誉为全国“重钙之都”，但石灰岩矿（轻质碳酸钙）勘查程度低，为了加快传统产业转型升级和新经济新业态转化培育，贺州市以粤港澳大湾区市场需求为引领，将重质碳酸钙领域拓展到轻质碳酸钙、氧化钙和氢氧化钙领域，构建绿色高端碳酸钙千亿元产业集群，本次在贺州市水声肚地区开展了石灰岩矿的勘查研究工作。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过开展详查工作，采用大比例尺地质填图圈定含矿层位；采用勘查线的布置形式，地表施工槽探、深部系统施工钻探揭露控制，最终通过全孔采样分析，圈定有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿体，估算资源量，实现了快速找矿突破。同时研究分析了水声肚矿区石灰岩矿体的主要赋矿层位，矿体规模、形态、产状、厚度、品位，矿石结构构造、矿物成分、化学成分、矿石类型，确定找矿标志。
3. 结果（Results）
通过项目实施，水声肚矿区熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要含矿层位为融县组下段（D3r1）和桂林组上段（D3g3）（图 1a）。融县组下段岩性为浅灰色-灰白色中厚层亮晶微晶粒屑灰岩夹纹层状含生物屑微晶灰岩，厚50~60 m；桂林组上段岩性为深灰色生物碎屑灰岩夹多层层孔虫灰岩，厚67~131 m。
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图 1 水声肚矿区地质简图（a）、层孔虫灰岩矿石和镜下照片（b）及1号勘查线剖面图（c）Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the Shuishengdu area (a), microscopic photos of stromatoporoid limestone ore (b) and section of No.1 exploration line (c) in the Shuishengdu area通过系统工程控制和采样分析，圈出了①号熔剂用石灰岩主矿体，矿体走向延长约2350 m，倾向延长约1650 m，水平投影面积约2.05 km2。矿体剖面形态呈单斜厚大层状、板状（图 1b）。矿体平均倾向193°，平均倾角21°。通过45个钻孔施工，控制矿体厚度11.01~179.53 m，平均99.02 m。单工程品位：CaO 53.75%~54.84%，平均54.44%；MgO 0.52%~1.17%，平均0.75%；SiO2 0.20%~1.33%，平均0.48%。
矿石结构以生物碎屑（含层孔虫、腕足类）泥晶结构（图 1c）、微晶结构为主，构造主要为块状构造。矿石矿物成分主要为方解石（约98%），含少量的泥质（约2%）。据组合分析结果：Al2O3平均含量0.24%；Fe2O3平均含量0.08%；S平均含量0.022%；P平均含量0.0019%；烧失量平均43.57%。表明矿区熔剂用石灰岩有害组分含量极低。矿石工业类型为有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩，均达一级品，部分达特级品。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
(1) 本次勘查在水声肚矿区新发现超大型有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿床，共估算石灰岩矿石资源量（控制+推断）为72956.46万t，矿区北部直接出露地表的石灰岩矿石量超2亿t，为贺州市碳酸钙产业转型升级提供资源保障，也为贺州市创建“广西东融先行示范区”迈开了加速步伐。
(2) 确定水声肚地区有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要赋矿层位为融县组下段和桂林组上段。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgements）
项目实施过程中得到了广西贺州市自然资源局的大力支持，谨此表示感谢。
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图 4 西安凹陷地质构造综合剖面图
Figure 4. Comprehensive section of geological structure in Xi'an Depression
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图 5 地热资源开发利用区划图
Figure 5. Development and utilization zoning map of geothermal resources
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