The formation of gabbro and diabase in the Xigaze ophiolite: Implications for a solw-spreading ridge
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摘要:
日喀则蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布构造带中段，其成因和构造环境仍存在较大争议。日喀则蛇绿岩下部为蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩，壳幔过渡带缺失超镁铁质堆晶岩。少量辉长岩脉呈块状或韵律结构并侵入到地幔橄榄岩和辉绿岩中。辉绿岩呈席状岩床侵入到地幔橄榄岩之上，且少量辉绿岩脉侵入到下覆的地幔橄榄岩中。通过野外关系和地球化学研究，日喀则辉长岩可能并不是洋壳中岩浆房原位结晶堆积而成，而是深部位置岩浆囊经过不同程度分异演化形成富晶粥岩浆并向上侵入的结果。而席状辉绿岩床则是基性岩浆沿着构造薄弱面顺层侵入的结果。拆离断层可能导致了岩石圈地幔抬升和剥露，进而引起下覆软流圈地幔减压熔融和岩浆上侵。日喀则辉长-辉绿岩形成于慢速扩张脊较小规模的岩浆供应和不连续的岩浆侵入。
Abstract:The Xigaze ophiolite is located in the central segment of the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone,and its genesis and tectonic setting remain controversial. The ophiolite has a serpentinized peridotites in the lower part,and the ultramafic cumulates are absent in the mantle-crust transition zone. Small amounts of gabbro dikes with isotropic or rhythmic textures intruded into the mantle peridotites or diabase sills. The diabase sills generally intruded along the interface of the mantle peridotites or intruded into the mantle peridotites as diabase dikes. Based on studies of field relationships and geochemical features,the authors hold that,the Xigaze gabbro dikes,instead of being formed by in-situ crystallization of magma chamber in the oceanic crust,might have resulted from the intrusion of crystals-enriched magmas from magma pockets which were distributed in crust-mantle boundary and evolved in variable degrees into silicate-rich minerals. The diabase sills might have been formed from the intrusion of mafic magmas along the structurally weak boundary. The detachment faults probably resulted in the uplift and exhumation of the upper mantle which triggered the upwelling and partial melting of asthenospheric mantle. The gabbro dikes and diabase sills in the Xigaze ophiolite might have originated from small amounts of supply and discrete intrusion of magmas in a slow-spreading ridge.
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Keywords:
- diabase /
- gabbro /
- ophiolite /
- Xigaze /
- Yarlung Zangbo /
- MOR /
- slow-spreading /
- geological survey engineering /
- QianghaiTibet plateau
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
松科二井，获取了从基底—火石岭组—沙河子组—营城组—登娄库组下部连续完整的原位岩心。本文对松科二井沙河子组上部的孢粉化石进行研究，为研究白垩纪地球温室气候和环境变化，建立服务“百年大庆”目标和基础地质研究的“金柱子”提供基础资料。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
孢粉样品采自松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m，岩性为黑色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，层位为沙河子组上部。孢粉分析鉴定在吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心完成，具体过程为：每个样品取过筛的干样50 g，进行盐酸→氢氟酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸→硝酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸等分析处理，用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中在试管中，制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
3. 研究结果（Results）
依据松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m井段的孢粉化石演化特征，划分出两个孢粉组合。
（1）Leiotriletes sp.- Cyathidites australis - Chasmatosporites sp.组合（简称LCC组合），分布在3832.94~3901.35m井段。蕨类孢子占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较低，未见被子类花粉。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Cyathidites australis，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyclogranisporites sp.，有时代意义的还有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C. minutaestriatus、C. splendidus、C.australiensis、Klukisporites sp.、Maculatisporites sp.、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites tribotrys、Aequitriradites sp.和Polycingulatisporites reduncus等；裸子类花粉含量最高的是Chasmatosporites sp.，其次是Psophosphaera sp.，有时代意义的类型有Parvisaccites sp.、Erlianpollis minisculus、Paleoconifersp.、Pseudowalchia sp.和Classopollis sp.等。
（2）Klukisporites triangulus- Aequitriradites sp.- Pristinuspollenites sp.组合（简称KAP组合），分布在3395.46~3613.62 m井段。裸子类花粉百分含量（53.03%~72.13%）较高，其次为蕨类孢子（27.87% ~46.97%），未见到被子类花粉。裸子类花粉中含量最高的是Alisporites parvus，其次是Piceaepollenites sp.，含量较高的类型还有Chasmatosporites sp.、Pinuspollenites divulgatus和P. sp.等，有时代意义的还有Parvisaccites otagoensis、Erlianpollis minisculus、E. mediocris、Jiaohepollis sp.和Classopollis classoides等。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Klukisporites sp.，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyathidites australis，含量较高的类型还有Cyclogranisporites sp.等，有时代意义的有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C.apiteretus、C. australiensis、Klukisporites triangulus、K.variegatus、Pilosisporites scitulus、Impardecispora sp.、Levisporites wulinensis、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites humilis、Aequitriradites sp.和Schizaeoisporites sp.等。
含有早白垩世特有或在早白垩世繁盛的分子：Cicatricosisporites、Klukisporites、Pilosisporites、Maculatisporites、Impardecispora、Levisporites、Triporoletes、Trilobosporites、Aequitriradites、Schizaeoisporites、Polycingulatisporites、Parvisaccites、Paleoconiferus、Erlianpollis、Foveotriletes.和Classopollis等（图 1）。
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图 1 松科二井沙河子组部分孢粉化石（1-Cicatricosisporites exilis，样品号：SK2-375；2. -Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus，标品号：SK2-385；3-Cicatricosisporites splendidus，标品号：SK2-385；4-Cicatricosisporites australiensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-375；5-Levisporites wulinensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；6. Aequitriradites sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389; 7-Trilobosporites tribotrys，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389；8- Classopollis classoides，标品号：SK2-97；9-Erlianpollis minisculus，样品号(number)：SK2-395; 10. Parvisaccites sp.，样品号：SK2-395；11. Pilosisporites scitulus，标品号：SK2-201；12-Triporoletes asper，标品号(specimen number)：SK2-219；13. Foveotriletes subtriangulularis，样品号：SK2-219；14-Klukisporites triangulus，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；15-Impardecispora sp.，样品号：SK2-201; 16-Schizaeoisporites polaris，样品号：SK2-173；17-Polycingulatisporites reduncus，标品号：SK2-395；18-Maculatisporites sp.，样品号：SK2-391。19-Chasmatosporites sp.，样品号：SK2-389; 20-Paleoconiferae sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-391;线段比例尺为10 μm, the scale of the line segment is 10 μm）Figure 1. Spores and pollen from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Well SK2上述2个孢粉组合分布在，属沙河子组上部，LCC组合蕨类孢子百分含量占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较少，从组合特点来看，可以与高瑞琪等人建立的沙河子组上部Granulatisporites-Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合大致对比，但上部的KAP组合层位显然高于高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合。与高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合相比，当前孢粉组合出现的有时代意义的孢粉类型更多且时代更新。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
两个孢粉组合海金砂科孢子繁盛，类型多样化，没有发现早期被子植物花粉；虽在蕨类孢子与裸子类花粉的百分含量及属种构成上明显不同，但出现的有时代意义的化石类型基本相同，其时代均为早白垩世早期。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为国家自然科学基金项目（41790451)和中国地质调查局项目（DD20190097）共同资助。孢粉化石由张淑琴研究员鉴定。
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图 1 雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩分布图
a—青藏高原构造划分(据Pan et al., 2012)；b—喜马拉雅地质简图(据An et al., 2014)；c—日喀则蛇绿岩分布图及此次研究采样点位置(据王希斌等, 1987)
Figure 1. Geological map of ophiolitic rocks of YZSZ
a—Tectonic subdivision of the Tibetan Plateau (modified from Pan et al., 2012); b—Simplified geological map of the Himalaya (modified from An et al., 2014); c—Geological map of the Xigaze ophiolite and sampling locations in this study (modified from Wang et al., 1987)
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图 2 日喀则蛇绿岩镁铁质岩石野外关系
a—辉长岩脉侵入辉绿岩；b—辉绿岩中不同规模的辉长岩脉；c—块状辉长岩包裹角砾状辉绿岩；d—块状粗粒辉长岩中细粒辉长岩和斜长岩；e—辉长岩中暗色辉长岩条带；f—暗色辉长岩和浅色辉长岩互层；g—辉绿岩席；h—枕状玄武岩
Figure 2. Field relationships of mafic rocks in the Xigaze ophiolite
a-Gabbro dikes that intruded into the diabases; b—Varying sizes of gabbro dikes in the diabases; c-Brecciated diabases enclosed by the massive gabbros; d-Fined-grained gabbro and anorthosite in the massive gabbros; e-Banded melagabbro in the gabbros; f-Rhythmic layers consisting of melagabbro and leucogabbro; g-Diabase sills; h-Pillow basalts
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图 3 日喀则蛇绿岩地幔岩石和洋壳岩石的野外照片
a—侵入到地幔橄榄岩中异剥钙榴岩脉；b—地幔橄榄岩中辉绿岩脉和辉绿岩席；c—辉绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩捕掳体；d—辉绿岩席与地幔橄榄岩的接触带；e—发育冷凝边的辉绿岩席；f—辉绿岩席局部出露下覆地幔橄榄岩
Figure 3. Field relationships between the mantle rocks and oceanic crust rocks in the Xigaze ophiolite
a-Rodingites in the mantle peridotites; b-Diked diabases and diabase sills in the mantle peridotites; c-Xenoliths of mantle peridotites within the diabase sills; d—The boundary between the diabase sills and mantle peridotites; e-Diabase sills with chilled margins; f-The diabase sills with outcrops of the mantle peridotites
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图 4 日喀则蛇绿岩全岩Mg#与主量元素相关图
Figure 4. Correlations of whole-rock Mg# with major elements of the Xigaze ophiolitic rocks
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图 5 全岩N-MORB标准化微量元素配分模式图
N-MORB标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989；阿曼蛇绿岩中Geotime和Lasial玄武岩数据源于Einaudi et al., 2000；Godard et al., 2003, 2006；Kusano et al., 2013
Figure 5. N-MORB normalized trace elements patterns
Normalized values of N-MORB are from Sun and McDonough, 1989; the Geotime and Lasial basalts after Einaudi et al., 2000; Godard et al., 2003, 2006; Kusano et al., 2013
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图 6 微量元素构造环境判别图
a—V-Ti据Pearce (2014)；b—Nb/Yb-Th/Yb据Pearce (2008)
Figure 6. Discriminant diagrams of tectonic settings
a-V versus Ti (after Pearce, 2000); b-Nb/Yb versus Th/Yb (after Pearce, 2008)
表 1 日喀则蛇绿岩辉长岩、辉绿岩和玄武岩全岩主量(%)和微量(10－6)元素成分
Table 1 Compositions of whole rock major (%) and trace (10-6) elements of mafic rocks from the Xigaze ophiolite
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