Discovery of Late Permian pollen and spores in TD-2 borehole in Tuquan Basin of Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia and their oil and gas geological implications
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摘要:
松辽盆地西缘的突泉盆地是在古生界之上形成的中生代盆地，近年因在侏罗系发现轻质原油而备受关注。然而，对于该盆地古生代下伏地层及其油气资源前景的研究，过去并未系统开展过。本次运用岩石地层、微体化石和烃源岩样品测试分析等方法对突泉盆地南部牤牛海凹陷TD-2井的岩心开展系统分析，TD-2井在中侏罗世万宝组砂砾岩之下发育一套以暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主的沉积，产孢粉化石19属26种，包括：Leiotriletes adnatus，Punctatisporites debilis，Cyclogranisporites sp.，Alisporites auritus，Al.communis，Al.stenoholcus，Al.sp.?，Klausipollenites schaubergeri，Pityosporites evolutus，Sulcatisporites dalongkouensis，S.ovatus，S.sp.?，Hamiapollenites indistinctus，Lunatisporites tersus，Piceaepollenites opimus，P.sp.，Voltziaceaesporites xinjiangensis，Crucisaccites variosulcatus，Divarisaccus cinctus，Plicatipollenites cf.densus，Parcisporites scabratus，Platysaccus sp.，P.papilionis，Cycadopites caperatus，Samoilovitchisaccites chordens，孢粉指示的地质时代为晚二叠世；烃源岩分析结果显示，这套暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩的烃源岩指标较好，具良好的油气资源前景。岩石地层和生物地层综合对比研究表明，TD-2井下部发育的这套以暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主的细碎屑沉积为晚二叠世林西组，且其具有良好的生烃基础。该发现为研究松辽盆地西缘晚古生代地层序列奠定了基础，对探讨松辽及周边盆地上古生界油气资源具有重要意义。
Abstract:Tuquan Basin near the west boundary of the Songliao Basin is a Mesozoic sedimentary basin formed above the Paleozoic strata,which has aroused much attention from geologists due to the discovery of light crude oil from the Jurassic strata in recent years. In the past,systematic research on the oil and gas resources from the Paleozoic was very insufficient. In this paper,the methods such as stratigraphic (lithostratic) and sporopollen analysis and source rock test were conducted so as to analyze synthetically the core samples collected from TD-2 well in the Mangniuhai depression of Tuquan Basin. A stratigraphic unit composed of grayish black mudstone and siltstone beneath the Middle Jurassic conglomerate was discovered in TD-2 well,and some spores and pollen were extracted from the unit,which consist of 26 species and 19 genera,including Leiotriletes adnatus,Punctatisporites debilis,Alisporites auritus,A. communis,A. stenoholcus,Klausipollenites schaubergeri,Pityosporites evolutus,Sulcatisporites dalongkouensis,Hamiapollenites indistinctus,Piceaepollenites opimus etc. indicating Late Permian. Combined with the research results such as the stratigraphy (lithostratic) and source rock test,it is reasonably assigned to Late Permian Linxi Formation,and some high-quality source rocks are discovered in this unit. This discovery is significant for confirming the existence of Permian strata in the Tuquan Basin and also for exploring the late Paleozoic oil and gas resources in the Songliao Basin and adjacent regions.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 本文写作过程中，吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心的孙跃武教授和张淑芹研究员给予了悉心指导和大力帮助；野外及样品采集过程中得到长江大学邓超伟的协助；文献收集方面得到了长江大学的董曼老师、沈阳师范大学梁飞老师、吉林大学郎嘉彬老师、李宁老师、那玉玲博士、李云峰博士、黄薇博士和李想等的帮助，在此一并致谢。 -
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图 1 内蒙古突泉县突地2（TD2）井位置图
1—全新统湖冲积物；2—全新统风积物；3—上更新统冲洪积物；4—下更新统冰水堆积物；5—更新统；6—梅勒图组；7—白音高老组；8—玛尼吐组；9—满克头鄂博组；10—付家洼子组；11—万宝组；12—红旗组；13—林西组；14—哲斯组；15—寿山沟组；16—大石寨组；17—更新统玄武岩；18—侏罗纪花岗岩；19—侏罗纪花岗斑岩；20—二叠纪二长斑岩；21—二叠纪斜长花岗岩；22—石炭纪辉长岩；23—风沙沉积；24—湖泊；25—整合；26—平行不整合；27—角度不整合；28—缝合线；29—断裂；30—正断层；31—逆断层；32—推测断层；33—中国东北大陆边界；34—省界；35—城镇；36—乡村；37—铁路；38—公路；39—TD-2井；40—推测突泉盆地边界
Figure 1. Location of TD2 borehole in Tuquan County, Inner Mongolia
1-Qhal; 2-Qheol; 3-Qp3al; 4-Qp1gfl; 5-Qp; 6-K1m; 7-K1b; 8-K1mn; 9-J3m; 10-J3f; 11-J2wb; 12-J1h; 13-P3l; 14-P2z; 15-P1ss; 16-P1ds; 17-Qpβ; 18-Jγ; 19-Jγπ; 20-Pηπ; 21-Pγo; 22-Cν; 23-Aeolian landform; 24-Lake; 25-Conformity; 26-Parallel unconformity; 27-Angular unconformity; 28-Suture; 29-Fault structure; 30-Normal fault; 31-Reverse fault; 32-Speculated fault; 33-Land boundary of the northeast China; 34-Provincial boundary; 35-Town; 36-Village; 37-Railway; 38-Highway; 39-TD-2 well; 40-Inferred boundary of the Tuquan Basin
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图 2 内蒙古突泉县突地2（TD2）井综合柱状图
Figure 2. Stratigraphic column of TD2 borehole in Tuquan County, Inner Mongolia
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图 3 内蒙古突泉县牤牛海地区突地2井（TD2）上二叠统林西组孢粉化石
1—弓形堤光面三缝孢；2, 3—圆形粒面孢（未定种）；4—展开松型粉；5—粗糙雏囊粉；6—整洁四肋粉；7—复网残缝粉；8—拟云杉粉（未定种）；9, 10—大龙口具沟双囊粉；11—皱粒苏铁粉
Figure 3. Spores and pollen from the Upper Permian Linxi Formation in TD2 borehole of Mangniuhai, Tuquan County, Inner Mongolia
1-Leiotriletes adnatus (Kosanke) Potonie et Kremp; 2, 3- Cyclogranisporites sp.; 4-Pityosporites evolutus Ouyang; 5-Parcisporites scabratus Ouyang; 6-Lunatisporites tersus Ouyang; 7-Vestigisporites complexus Ouyang; 8-Piceaepollenites sp.; 9, 10-Sulcatisporites dalongkouensis Ouyang; 11- Cycadopites caperatus (Luber) Hart
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