Petrogenesis of Xiwanggou olivine gabbro in East Kunlun Mountains: Constraints from geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopes
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摘要:
东昆仑古特提斯域镁铁-超镁铁质岩石的研究极为薄弱，文章报道了青海东昆仑东段希望沟橄榄辉长岩的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及锆石Hf同位素资料，以确定该岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及构造环境，为东昆仑晚古生代-早中生代构造岩浆演化提供新的约束。岩石地球化学研究表明，希望沟橄榄辉长岩具有低SiO2（40.91%~42.14%）、低TiO2（0.29%~0.39%）、高MgO（28.18%~30.66%）、贫碱（K2O+Na2O=1.09%~1.36%）的特征，属亚碱性系列岩石，m/f比值介于5.03~5.39，属于铁质超基性岩类。岩石微量元素总体上富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Th、U、K）和Pb，相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、P、Ti），ΣREE为28.1710-6~30.9510-6，（La/Yb）N为3.77~4.98，显示轻稀土富集的特征，δEu=0.80~0.95，具有弱的Eu负异常。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年技术，获得橄榄辉长岩加权平均年龄为（264.9±1.2）Ma（n=26，MSWD=0.71），属中二叠世。锆石176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282709~0.283152，对应的εHf（t）=3.7~19.3，锆石单阶段Hf模式年龄TDM为135~753 Ma，平均为414 Ma，大于锆石U-Pb年龄。研究认为，橄榄辉长岩的岩浆源区主要为亏损地幔，可能有早期流体交代的岩石圈地幔组分的加入，并经历了地壳物质的混染。结合东昆仑区域构造演化，认为希望沟橄榄辉长岩是阿尼玛卿古特提斯洋俯冲阶段的产物，说明古特提斯洋在中二叠世已北向俯冲。
Abstract:The mafic-ultramafic rocks in Paleo-Tethys domain of East Kunlun Mountains are not well documented. In this paper, the authors present petrographical, geochronological, lithogeochemical and Hf isotopic data for the Xiwanggou olivine gabbro located in the eastern section of East Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, with the purpose of constraining its formation age, petrogenesis and tectonic setting and providing new constraints for the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic tectono-magmatic evolution in East Kunlun Mountains. Lithogeochemical studies show that the olivine gabbro, which is of sub-alkaline series, is characterized by low SiO2 (40.91%-42.14%), low TiO2 (0.29%-0.39%) and alkali content (K2O+Na2O=1.09%-1.36%) but high MgO content (28.18%-30.66%). The m/f ratios range from 5.03 to 5.39, falling into the field of ferrous-ultrabasic rocks. This suite of rocks are enriched in LILE (such as Rb, Th, U and K) and Pb, and relatively depleted in HFSE (such as Nb, P and Ti). The rocks have low REE content, with LREE-rich pattern and slightly negative Eu anomaly (ΣREE=28.1710-6-30.9510-6, (La/Yb)N=3.77-4.98, δEu=0.80-0.95). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the weighted mean age of olivine gabbro is (264.9±1.2)Ma(n=26, MSWD=0.71), suggesting Middle Permian. Zircon 176Hf/177Hf values are in the range of 0.282709-0.283152 with corresponding εHf(t) values of 3.7-19.3. and Lu-Hf single-stage modal ages (TDM) vary from 135 to 753 Ma with mean age being 414Ma, older than U-Pb age. The authors hold that the parental magma of olivine gabbro was likely derived from the depleted mantle, with the probable addition of fluid-modified lithospheric mantle components, and was contaminated by crustal material. Combined with evolutionary characteristics of regional structures in East Kunlun Mountains, the authors consider that Xiwanggou olivine gabbro was formed during the subduction of Anyemaqen-Paleo-Tethys Ocean, and the northward subduction of Anyemaqen-Paleo-Tethys Ocean started at least in Middle Permian.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 薄片鉴定过程中得到了中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心叶芳研究员的指导，锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测试及数据处理得到自然资源部岩浆作用成矿与找矿重点实验室李艳广工程师、靳梦琪工程师的热心帮助，文稿修改过程中审稿专家提出了宝贵的修改意见，在此一并表示衷心的感谢。 -
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图 1 东昆仑造山带构造位置（a据Xia et al., 2015b）与岩浆岩分布图（b据Xia et al., 2015a）
Figure 1. Geotectonic framework (a, after Xia et al., 2015b) and magmatite distribution (b, after Xia et al., 2015a) of East Kunlun orogenic belt
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图 2 希望沟一带镁铁-超镁铁质岩地质略图
1—第四系；2—上三叠统鄂拉山组英安岩段；3—古元古界白沙河组片麻岩段；4—早侏罗世正长花岗岩；5—中三叠世二长花岗岩；6—晚奥陶世石英闪长岩；7—顶志留世英云闪长岩；8—晚志留世花岗闪长岩；9—超镁铁质岩；10—榴闪岩；11—辉长岩；12—钾长花岗岩脉；13—橄榄辉长岩；14—断层；15—地质界线；16—不整合界线；17—采样位置
Figure 2. The sketch geological map of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Xiwanggou area
1-Quaternary; 2-Dacite member of Upper Triassic Elashan Formation; 3-Gneiss member of Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation; 4-Early Jurassic syenogranite; 5-Middle Triassic monzonitic granite; 6-Late Ordovician quartz diorite; 7-Top Silurian tonalite; 8-Late Silurian granodiorite; 9-Undivided ultramafic rocks; 10-Amphibole eclogite; 11-Gabbro; 12-Syenogranite vein; 13-Olivine gabbro; 14-Fault; 15-Geological boundary; 16-Unconformable boundary; 17-Sampling position
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图 3 希望沟橄榄辉长岩的野外露头、手标本及显微照片
a—橄榄辉长岩野外露头；b—橄榄辉长岩手标本；c—橄榄辉长岩中的橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石（正交偏光）；d—橄榄石沿边缘被闪石、蛇纹石等交代呈残留结构（正交偏光）；e—单斜辉石被角闪石交代（正交偏光）；f—矿化橄榄辉长岩中的镍黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿（反射光）；Pl—斜长石；Ol—橄榄石；Cpx—单斜辉石；Hbl—角闪石；Pn—镍黄铁矿；Po—磁黄铁矿；Ccp—黄铜矿
Figure 3. Outcrop and hand specimen photos and microphotographs of the Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
a- Outcrop photo of olivine gabbro; b- Hand specimen photo; c- The olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase in olivine gabbro (crossed nicols); d- The edge of olivine altered to amphibole and serpentine, showing relict texture (crossed nicols); e- The clinopyroxene metasomatized by amphibole (crossed nicols); f- The pentlandite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite in the mineralized olivine gabbro (reflected light); Pl- Plagioclase; Ol-Olivine; Cpx-Clinopyroxene; Hbl-Hornblende; Pn-Pentlandite; Po-Pyrrhotite; Ccp-Chalcopyrite
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图 4 希望沟橄榄辉长岩锆石阴极发光照片（圈内数字代表U-Pb分析点，其他数字代表206Pb/238U表面年龄）
Figure 4. CL images of zircons from Xiwanggou olivine gabbro (numbers in the circles represent analytical spots of U-Pb, and the values represent ages of 206Pb/238U)
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图 5 希望沟橄榄辉长岩锆石U-Pb谐和图（a）和加权平均年龄图（b）
Figure 5. Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram (a) and weighted mean ages diagram (b) of Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
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图 6 希望沟橄榄辉长岩的(K2O+Na2O)−SiO2（a据Middlemost，1994）和TFeO/MgO−SiO2图解（b据Miyashiro，1974）
Figure 6. (K2O+Na2O)–SiO2(a, after Middlemost, 1994) and TFeO/MgO−SiO2 (b, after Miyashiro, 1974) plots for the Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
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图 7 希望沟橄榄辉长岩的微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图（a）及稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线图（b）（标准化数值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 7. Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns (a) and chondrite-normalized REE patterns (b) for the olivine gabbro (normalizing values after Sun and McDonough, 1989)
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图 8 希望沟橄榄辉长岩的锆石Hf同位素组成图解
Figure 8. Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
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图 9 希望沟橄榄辉长岩源区性质判别图解（a据Pearce, 2008；b据Woodhead et al., 2001）
Figure 9. Discrimination diagram of the source characteristics for Xiwanggou olivine gabbro (a, after Pearce, 2008; b, after Woodhead et al., 2001)
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图 10 希望沟橄榄辉长岩构造环境判别图解（a据Meschede, 1986；b据Wood et al., 1979）
Figure 10. Tectonic discrimination diagrams for Xiwanggou olivine gabbro (a, after Meschede, 1986; b, after Wood et al., 1979)
表 1 希望沟橄榄辉长岩锆石LA−ICP−MS测年结果
Table 1 LA−ICP−MS isotopic data of zircon from Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 希望沟橄榄辉长岩主量元素（%）和微量元素（10-6）含量
Table 2 Content of major elements(%) and trace elements (10-6)of Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 希望沟橄榄辉长岩锆石Lu−Hf同位素组成
Table 3 Zircon Lu−Hf isotopic compositions of Xiwanggou olivine gabbro
下载: 导出CSV
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