Geochronology and geochemistry of the volcanics in the Zamuting, Inner Mongolia and its transfromation of Mesozoic tectonic system
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摘要:
大兴安岭火山带晚中生代火山岩的起源、演化及形成的构造背景一直存在争议。文章对出露于扎木廷地区白音高老组火山岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年，结果显示流纹岩及粗面岩分别形成于（131.6±1.2）Ma和（126.9±1.5）Ma，与白音高老组第二段火山沉积夹层中动植物化石鉴定结果一致，表明形成于早白垩世早期。流纹岩及粗面岩属碱性系列火山岩，具高硅、富碱、低铝、贫镁、钙和高FeOT/（FeOT+MgO）比值特征；相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Pb，强烈亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P和Ba、Sr，流纹岩具A型花岗岩特征。微量元素与稀土元素特征表明流纹岩及粗面岩均来自于地壳的熔融，二者具有相同的岩浆来源。白音高老组火山岩形成于造山后的伸展构造背景，反映了蒙古鄂霍茨克洋向南俯冲与额尔古纳-兴安陆块碰撞拼合后，大兴安岭地区开始由挤压向伸展构造体制转换，软流圈地幔上涌底侵使下地壳发生了部分熔融，导致流纹岩喷发，残留相进一步熔融继而导致大规模粗面岩喷发。
Abstract:As the origin, evolution and tectonic setting of late Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Great Hinggan Range volcanic belt have always been controversial, our project carried out geochronology and geochemistry studies of the volcanics in the Zamuting area. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the he Baiyingaolao Formation volcanic rocks in the Zhamuting area reveals that rhyolite and trachoma were formed at 131.6±1.2 Ma and 126.9±1.5 Ma respectively, which are consistent with the identification results of the animal and plant fossil in the Second Member volcanics of the Baiyingaolao Formation, indicating that the volcanic rocks were formed in the early Cretaceous. The rhyolites and trachyandesites of this region belong to alkali series volcanic rocks, with characteristics of high silicon, rich in alkali, low aluminum, low magnesium and calcium, as well as high FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) ratio; the rocks are relatively enriched in the large ion lithophile elements Rb, Th, U and Pb, and have a strong deficit in the high-field strong elements such as Nb, Ta, Ti, P, Ba and Sr; the rhyolitic rocks have the characteristics of A-type granite. The studies on trace elements and rare earth elements indicate that both rhyolite and trachyandesites are derived from the melting of the crust and have the same magmatic source. The Baiyingaolao volcanic rocks were formed in the post-orogenic extensional tectonic environment, which reflects that after the southward subduction of the Mongolia Okhotsk Ocean and the collision and integration of the Eerguna-Xingan landmass, the Da Hinggan Mountains volcanic region began to transform from compression to extensional tectonic system. The upwelling and underplating of asthenosphere mantle caused the partial melting of the lower crust, which led to the eruption of rhyolite. The further melting of residual phases led to large-scale eruption of trachyte.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 本文是内蒙古1:5 0000扎木廷高吉高尔等4幅区调项目组集体劳动的成果。两位匿名评审专家提出了建设性修改意见，陈润生教授高级工程师和赵希林副研究员给予了具体指导，林敏高级工程师，杨仲工程师及汤建荣工程师给予的帮助，在此一并表示感谢！ -
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图 1 扎木廷高吉高尔火山喷发盆地地质图
1—第四系；2—新近系五岔沟组；3—下白垩统梅勒图组；4—下白垩统白音高老组第三段；5—下白垩统白音高老组第二段；6—下白垩统白音高老组第一段；7—上侏罗统玛尼吐组；8—上侏罗统满克头鄂博组；9—中侏罗统塔木兰沟组；10—早白垩世花岗斑岩；11—早白垩世潜火山岩；12—特殊地质体(松脂岩、黑曜岩)；13—粗安岩；14—粗面岩；15—石英粗面岩；16—流纹岩；17—石泡流纹岩；18—黑曜岩；19—松脂岩；20—流纹质晶屑凝灰岩；21—流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩；22—集块火山角砾岩；23—火山角砾岩；24—岩屑、玻屑；25—角砾、含角砾；26—破火山；27—穹状火山；28—火山喷发中心；29—寄生火山口；30—硅化；31—褐铁矿化；32—萤石矿化；33—地质界线；34—断层；35—角度不整合；36—平行不整合；37—岩相界线；38—岩性界线; 39—植物化石、动物化石；40—化石采样点、锆石U-Pb同位素年龄采样点
Figure 1. The geological map of the Zamuting-Gaojigaoer Volcanics Basin
1- Quaternary; 2- Neogene Wuchagou Formation; 3- the lower Cretaceous Meletu Formation; 4- the third member of Lower Cretaceous Baiyinggaolao Formation; 5- the second member of lower Cretaceous Baiyinggaolao Formation; 6- the first member of Lower Cretaceous Baiyinggaolao Formation; 7- The upper Jurassic Manitu Formation; 8- The upper Jurassic Manketou OBO Formation; 9- The middle Jurassic Tamulan Valley Formation; 10- the Early Cretaceous Baiyingaolao granite porphyry; 11- the Early Cretaceous subvolcanic rocks; 12- Special geological body(Turquoise, obsidian); 13- Trachyandensite; 14- Trachyte; 15- Quartz trachyte; 16- rhyolite; 17- Lithophysa rhyolite; 18- Obsidian; 19-Turquoise; 20-Rhyolitic crystal tuff; 21-Rhyolitic crystal tuff with welded texture; 22-Volcanic breccias agglomeration; 24-Volcanic breccias; 24-Debris and Vitroclastic; 25-Breccia and Breccia-bearing; 26-caldera; 27-dome shaped volcano; 28-the center of volcanic eruption; 29-Parasitic crater; 30- silicification; 31- Limonitization; 32- Fluorite mineralization; 33- Geological boundary; 34- Fault; 35- Angle degree unconformity boundary; 36- Parallel unconformity boundary; 37-Lithofacies boundary; 38-lithology boundary; 39- Plant fossils and animal fossils; 40-fossil sampling sites, zircon U-Pb isotopic age sampling sites
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图 3 扎木廷高吉高尔白音高老组与区域白音高老组柱状对比图
1—下白垩统白音高老组第三段；2—下白垩统白音高老组第二段；3—下白垩统白音高老组第一段；4—上侏罗统玛尼吐；5—凝灰质细砂岩；6—凝灰质砂岩；7—凝灰质岩屑砂岩；8—凝灰质长石砂岩；9—沉凝灰岩；10—凝灰质含砾砂岩；11—凝灰质砂砾岩；12—凝灰质砾岩；13—安山岩；14—粗安岩；15—粗面岩；16—流纹岩；17—松脂岩；18—黑曜岩；19—安山质晶屑凝灰岩；20—英安质晶屑凝灰岩；21—英安质晶屑弱熔结凝灰岩；22—粗安质晶屑弱熔结凝灰岩；23—粗面质晶屑熔结凝灰岩；24—凝灰岩；25—流纹质晶屑凝灰岩；26—粗安质晶屑凝灰岩；27—流纹质晶屑玻屑凝灰岩；28—流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩；29—角砾；30—含角砾；31—气孔；32—研究区；33-剖面位置及编号
Figure 3. The stratigraphic correlation between the Baiyingaolao Formation volanics in the Zamuting-Gaojigaoer District and other districts in the Great Hinggan Volcanic Belt
1-The third member of the lower Cretaceous Baiyingolao Formation; 2-The second member of the lower Cretaceous Baiyinguaolao Formation; 3- The first member of the lower Cretaceous Baiyinguaolao Formation; 4- the upper Jurassic Manitu Formation; 5- Tuffaceous fine sandstone; 6-Tuffaceous sandstone; 7-Tuffaceous lithic sandstone; 8-Tuffaceous arkose; 9-Sedimentary limestone; 10-Tuffaceous sandstone; 11-Tuffaceous sandstone; 12-Tuffaceous conglomerate; 13 Andesite; 14-Trachyandesite; 15-Trachyte; 16-Rhyolite; 17-Turpentine; 18-Obsidian; 19-Andesitic crystalline tuff; 20- Dacitic clastic tuff; 21- Dacitic weakly fused tuff; 22- Coarse andesitic weak melting tuff; 23- Trachytic clastic fusion tuff; 24-Tuff; 25-Rhyolitic crystalline tuff; 26-Coarse andesitic crystalline tuff; 27-Rhyolitic crystalline vitrinite tuff; 28-Rhyolitic clastic fused tuff; 29-Breccia; 30-Breccia; 31-Porosity; 32-The study area; 33-The section position and number
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图 4 扎木廷地区白音高老组火山岩显微照片
a—粗面岩，斑状结构，基质似交织状结构(-)；b—流纹岩，斑状结构—基质霏细结构（-）；c—流纹岩，珍珠构造（+）；kfs—钾长石；pl—斜长石；san—透长石
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of volcanic rocks of the Baiyingaolao Formation in the Zamuting district
a-Trachyte, porphyry texture, matrix like interweaved structure (-); b-Rhyolite, porphyritic texture, matrix like felsic texture (-); c-Rhyolite, pearl structure (+); kfs-Potash feldspar; pl- Plagioclase; san-Sansandiorite
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图 5 扎木廷地区白音高老组粗面岩（PM210-13）锆石阴极发光（CL）图像
Figure 5. Zircons CL images of trachyte in the Baiyingaolao Formation from Zamuting district
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图 6 扎木廷地区白音高老组流纹质晶屑熔结凝灰岩（PM330-55）锆石阴极发光（CL）图像
Figure 6. Zircons CL images of crystal welded rhyolitic tuff in the Baiyingaolao Formation from the Zamuting district
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图 7 扎木廷地区白音高老组粗面岩（PM201-13）和流纹岩（PM330-55）锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图
Figure 7. Zircons U-Pb concordian diagrams trachyte)(PM201-13) and crystal welded rhyolitic tuff(PM330-55) in the Baiyingaolao Formation from the Zamuting district
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图 8 扎木廷地区白音高老组火山岩样品TAS分类图（a）（Le Maitre, 1989）和A.R.-SiO2图解（b）（Wright, 1969）
Figure 8. TAS diagram(a)(Le Maitre, 1989) and A.R.-SiO2 diagram (b)(Wright, 1969)of volcanic rocks in the Baiyingaolao Formation from the Zamuting district
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图 9 扎木廷高吉高尔火山喷发盆地白音高老组火山岩微量元素蛛网图（a为粗面岩，b为流纹岩）和稀土元素配分图（c为粗面岩，d为流纹岩）（原始地幔和球粒陨石标准化引用Sun & McDonough, 1989）
Figure 9. Spidergrams (a for trachyte, b for crystal welded rhyolitic tuff) and REE pattern (c for trachyte, d for crystal welded rhyolitic tuff) of volcanic rocks in the Baiyingaolao Formation from the Zamuting district (Sun & McDonough, 1989)
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图 10 白音高老组第二段凝灰质细粒岩屑砂岩夹层中动植物化石照片
a—皱背角背叶肢介化石；b—大角背叶肢介化石；c—石籽化石
Figure 10. Animal and plant fossils within the Second Member tuffaceous fine-grained detrital sandstone of the Baiyingaolao Formation
a-Keratestheria rugosa Chernyshev; b- Keratestheria magna Chernyshev; c- Carpolithus sp.
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图 11 大兴安岭地区白音高老组火山岩年龄分布直方图
（数据引用陈志广，2006；Guo et al., 2009；Zhang et al., 2010；苟军等，2010；杨扬等，2012；Dong et al., 2014；秦涛等，2014；聂立军等，2015；张乐彤等，2015；张学斌等，2015；司秋亮等，2016；黄明达等，2016；谭浩元等，2017；王阳等，2017；1:50 000布敦陶勒盖、布尔丁花、花敖包特、沙尔哈达幅区域地质调查报告❼；1:50 000乌力牙斯台、南斯衲根达巴、霍布仁布敦、查干敖包幅区域地质调查报告❽；1:50 000扎木廷高吉高尔、军马场、军马场一队、综合服务站幅区域地质调查报告❾；内蒙古1:5万准和热木音苏木、塔拉拜农场、扎尔嘎郎特敖包、登金查干陶勒盖、乌兰呼都格、哈珠苏木幅区域地质矿产调查野外验收工作报告❿）
Figure 11. Age histogram of volcanic rocks of the Baiyingaolao Formation in the Great Xing'an Range
(Data form Chen, 2006; Guo et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010; Gou et al., 2010; Yang Yang et al., 2012; Dong et al., 2014; Qin Tao et al., 2014; Nie Lijun et al., 2015; Zhang Letong et al., 2015; Zhang Xuebin et al., 2015; Si Qiuliang et al., 2016;Huang Mingda et al., 2016; Tan Haoyuan et al., 2017; Wang Yang et al., 2017; 1:50 000 regional geological survey report of Buton Tolgoi and adjacent region; 1:50 000 regional geological survey report of Uligastei and adjacent region; 1:50 000 regional geological survey report of Zamutin Gaojigaoer and adjacent region; 1:50 000 regional geological and mineral survey report on field acceptance of Zhunheremuyin county and adjacent region)
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图 12 扎木廷地区白音高老组流纹岩：a-10000Ga/Al-（K2O+Na2O）/CaO图解(Whalen, 1987)；b-SiO2-Al2O3图解(Eby, 1992)；cSiO2-FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)判别图(Eby, 1992)
(IAG—岛弧花岗岩类；CAG—大陆弧花岗岩类；CCG—大陆碰撞花岗岩类；POG—后造山花岗岩类；RRG—与裂谷有关的花岗岩类；CEUG—与大陆的造陆抬升有关的花岗岩类)；d—Nb-Y-Ce判别图(Eby, 1992（) A1-非造山；A2-造山后）
Figure 12. Discriminant diagrams for tectonic settings of the Baiyingaolao Formation volcanic rocks from the Zamuting district (a) (K2O+Na2O)/CaO vs. 10000Ga/Al diagram (Whalen, 1987); (b)SiO2vs. Al2O3diagram (Eby, 1992); (c)SiO2 vs. FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) diagram (Eby, 1992); (d)Nb-Y-Ce diagram (Eby, 1992).
(IAG-island arc granitoids; CAG-continental arc granitoids; CCG-continental collision granitoids; POG-post orogenic granitoids; RRG-rift related granitoids; CEUG-granitoids related to continental orogeny; A1-Anorogenic; A2-Post-orogenic)
表 1 扎木廷高吉高尔白音高老组综合地层层序及韵律划分简表
Table 1 Stratigraphic sequence of measured section of the Baiyingaolao Formation in the Zamuting-Gaojigaoer District, Inner Mongolia
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 扎木廷地区白音高老组火山岩锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果
Table 2 Zircon U-Pb dating data of volcanic rocks in the Baiyingaolao Formation from the Zamuting district
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 白音高老组火山岩主量（%）、微量和稀土(10-6)元素的数据
Table 3 Major (%) and trace elements (10-6) compositions of volcanic rocks from the Baiyingaolao Formation
下载: 导出CSV
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