Provenance and sedimentary environment of the Mesoproterozoic Honghongzhuang Formation in northern part of North China
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摘要:
为探讨华北地区中元古界洪水庄组黑色泥页岩物源和沉积环境，采集了燕辽地区清河剖面洪水庄组样品，进行元素地球化学测试和分析。结果表明：洪水庄组沉积物来源不仅有陆源碎屑物质，还有海水沉积物贡献。Y/Ho和ΣREE交会图版分析认为海水沉积物来源占比为10%~20%。此外，稀土元素分布模式以及Ce和Eu异常表明沉积物来源有火山热液活动的参与。Mo-EF/U-EF分析结果表明洪水庄为海洋非滞留海盆沉积环境，氧化还原条件在沉积期发生了演变：在洪一段沉积时期，水体还原程度强，为厌氧-硫化环境；洪二段沉积时期，水体还原程度降低，为贫氧-厌氧环境。分析认为洪水庄组物源组成和沉积环境演变与沉积构造背景密切相关。
Abstract:In order to further explore the provenance and sedimentatary environment of mud shale in the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation of northern China, samples were collected from outcrops of the Qinghe section of Honghongzhuang Formation for elementary geochemical testing and analysis. The results show that the sediments were not only from terrigenous clastics but also from marine sediments. The results of Y/Ho and ΣREE relationship diagram analysis show that the source proportion of seawater sediments is 10%-20%. In addition, the distribution pattern of rare earth elements and the Ce and Eu anomalies indicate the involvement of volcanic hydrothermal activity in the sediment source. Mo-EF/U-EF analysis results show that Hongshuizhuang is a sedimentary environment of Marine non-stationary basin, and the evolution of redox conditions in the sedimentary period is as follows:in the period of the Lower Member deposition of Hongshuizhuang Formation, the water body was in a strong reductive anaerobic-sulfurization environment; while, during the period of its Upper Member deposition, the reduction degree of water decreased and the environment was anaerobic. It is concluded that the provenance composition and sedimentary environment evolution of the Honghongzhuang Formation are closely related to the sedimentary tectonic setting.
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1. 引言
华北燕辽地区中新元古界发育有多套优质烃源岩，油气资源潜力巨大，具有良好的勘探前景。蓟县系洪水庄组泥页岩就是中国大陆最古老的烃源岩之一，有机质丰度高，沉积连续且分布稳定（郝石生等, 1990; 王铁冠和韩克猷，2011)。前人关于洪水庄组的研究主要包括生烃潜力评价（王杰和陈践发, 2001; 方杰等，2002; Li et al., 2003)，结合岩性、岩相对沉积环境进行判别（霍勇等，2012；罗顺社等，2012)，以及探讨了古生产力与有机质富集的关系（罗情勇等，2013)。而关于该套黑色页岩形成的沉积环境、物源研究工作较为薄弱。
由于洪水庄组有机质成熟度低，岩性以泥页岩为主，其化学组成基本保存了物源的原始信息，能够更真实的反映物源组成和原始沉积环境。而对华北北部中元古界黑色岩系的沉积环境和物源研究，一方面对于探讨多类矿床的成因具有重要的意义（孙省利等，2003；陈践发和孙省利，2004）；另一方面，对于中国元古宇油气资源评价与勘探开发更具有重要的理论与实际意义（吴因业等，2016；赵文智等，2018）。因此，本研究通过采集华北北部宽城地区洪水庄组不同岩性的岩石样品，以研究物源组成和沉积环境恢复为目的，开展元素地球化学方面分析工作，为华北燕辽地区中元古代沉积环境的重建提供理论支撑，并为元古宇古老含油气系统的有效性评价和勘探潜力研究奠定基础。
2. 区域地质背景
华北克拉通北部燕辽裂陷带发育系统完整的中新元古界，其沉降史稳定，热演化史温和，经历了3个阶段的构造演化阶段：早期发生阶段（1800~ 1600 Ma)、中期发展阶段(1600~1400 Ma)和晚期消亡阶段(1400~1300 Ma)（秦婧，2010）。洪水庄组沉积处于燕山裂陷带形成的晚期（乔秀夫和高林志，2007；李怀坤等，2010）。其沉降中心主要分布在蓟县、兴隆和宽城一带，地层厚度分布稳定，为100~ 170 m。西部地层厚度较薄（如宣龙坳陷怀来赵家山剖面，约100 m），东部地层厚度厚（如冀北坳陷宽城至辽西坳陷凌源一带，约170 m）。宽城一带岩性最为典型，岩性自下而上可分为泥页岩段和白云岩段，泥页岩段主要包括硅质页岩、页岩和泥岩，白云岩段包括泥晶白云岩和白云质泥岩（图 1）。其中，硅质页岩段颜色为灰黑色、呈薄层状，与黑灰色白云质泥岩不等厚互层，属于较稳定的潮下带沉积，主要分布在洪水庄组底部（图 2a）。实测剖面厚度为12.5 m，占总厚度的9.7%。页岩和泥岩多为灰黑色、黑色（图 2b），局部见泥灰岩透镜体，页理极为发育，为水浅海沉积环境。实测剖面厚度为72.7 m，占总厚度的55.7%，是洪水庄组主要的岩石类型。白云质泥岩主要发育在洪水庄组顶部，夹杂薄层的泥晶白云岩，为潮下带沉积。实测剖面厚度为45 m，占地层总厚度的34.6%。
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图 1 华北北部燕山地区中新元古界地层柱状图（左）和清河剖面洪水庄组岩性柱状图（右）Figure 1. The Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic column of the Yanshan area (left) and lithological columns of the Hongshuangzhuang Formation of the Qinghe section(right) in north China![]()
图 2 华北宽城清河剖面洪水庄组野外露头（a-硅质页岩；b-灰黑色泥页岩）Figure 2. Outcrop of the Hongshuizhuang Formation in the Qinghe section, Kuancheng, North China (a-siliceous shale; b-grayish black shale)3. 样品采集与分析测试
样品采集地点位于河北省承德市宽城县清河剖面（地理坐标：40°32'38'' N，118°14'58'' E），该剖面发育完整的洪水庄组地层，经过测量，剖面总厚度为130 m（图 3）。从老到新依次收集不同岩性样品共29件，在采集样品过程中尽可能采集未经风化的新鲜岩样。采样间距有所不同，重点采集泥页岩类样品，其中白云质泥岩样品8件，泥岩样品4件，页岩样品14件，泥质硅质泥岩3件（图 1）。
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图 3 华北北部燕辽裂陷现今构造区划简图Figure 3. Simplified map of geological structure in Yanshan area of north China元素分析:样品的前处理和样品元素分析均在北京核工业地质研究院进行。分析步骤如下：将采集的样品经过去风化处理，粉碎至200目以下，然后装袋备用。称取50 mg样品于封闭容样装置中，加入1 mL HF放在电热板上蒸干去掉大部分的SiO2。再加入1 mLHF和0.5 mLHNO3再蒸干，置于电热箱中并升温至200℃，加热约48 h。最后加入2 mLHNO3和5 mL水, 重新盖上盖, 于130℃溶解残渣3 h, 加入Rh和Re作为内标，转移至50 mL离心管中，待上仪器测定。国家标准物质GB7107(页岩)和GB7114(白云岩)用于控制分析精度。采用仪器为ICAP9000N+1等离子光量计，其波长范围为190~ 900 nm，分辨率为0.036 nm(一级)，检测限为10-9级，分析精度由于5%。
4. 测试结果
微量元素：对Co、Mo、V、Cr、Ni、U、Th、和Cu等8种微量元素进行测试（表 1，图 4a）。其中V元素含量较高，为43×10-6~487×10-6，平均266.58×10-6。其他微量元素含量相对较少，Zr为42.5×10-6~146×10-6，平均110.2×10-6；Cr为35.1×10-6~84.1×10-6，平均59.6× 10-6；Ni为12.2 × 10-6~85.5 × 10-6，平均41.3 × 10-6。Mo、Th、Sc、Co含量最少，Mo为0.32×10-6~43.4×10-6，平均14.2×10-6；Th为4.64×10-6~13.9×10-6，平均10.7× 10-6; Co为1.12×10-6~17.71×10-6，平均6.37×10-6；U为1.84×10-6~13.4×10-6，平均6.17×10-6。
表 1 华北北部中元古界清河剖面洪水庄组样品微量元素含量(10-6)Table 1. Contents (10-6) of trace elements in the samples of Hongshuizhuang Formation from Qinghe section of Middle Proterozoic in north China
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图 4 微量元素和稀土元素平均含量直方图Figure 4. Histogram of average content of trace elements and rare earth elements稀土元素：检测出La、Ce、Dy、Eu、Y、Ho等15种稀有元素（表 2，图 4b）。从图中可以看出，测试样品明显具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特点。其中稀土元素总量（ΣREE）为90.82×10-6~198.49×10-6，平均值为167.60 × 10-6，高于全球平均大陆地壳成分146.4 ×10-6 (Taylor and Mclennan., 1985)，低于澳大利亚新太古界页岩的平均值（173.2×10-6）（Pourmand et al., 2012）。轻稀土元素总量（ΣLREE）为75.32× 10-6~169.46×10-6，平均值为140.85×10-6，占总量的84.04%。重稀土元素（ΣHREE）为14.69 × 10-6~ 33.17×10-6，平均值为26.75×10-6，占总量的15.96%。
表 2 华北北部中元古界清河剖面洪水庄组样品微量元素数据相关计算结果Table 2. Calculation results of trace element data of Hongshuizhuang Formation from Qinghe section of Middle Proterozoic in northern part of North China
5. 讨论
5.1 沉积物来源
沉积岩中的化学组分一般有3个主要来源：陆源碎屑物质、生物作用来源以及自生海水来源(Piper, 1994)。由于元古宙海洋与显生宙、现代海洋环境水体化学环境有所差异，且太古宙以后各时代随时代的变新沉积岩中的稀土含量增加，但分布模式不变（Nance and Taylor, 1976；于炳松和裘愉卓, 1998）。研究表明，稀土元素和海水滞留时间比较短的不相容元素可有效应用于元古界沉积物源分析（解启来等，2003；蓝廷广等，2012；王浩等，2012；杨世文等，2016）。
沉积物的粒度对Th的影响比较小，可将Th作为指标来衡量陆源碎屑组分(Johnson and Grimm, 2001)。研究表明，黑色页岩的成岩过程对Zr、Y/Ho的影响比较小，因此利用Th-Zr和Th-Y/Ho可以有效地指示陆源碎屑对成岩的贡献(Schroder and Grotzinger, 2007)。洪水庄组样品中Th-Zr和ThY/Ho的关系图（图 5）显示两者不存在明显的相关关系，说明黑色页岩中元素的来源并不单一为陆源碎屑物质，部分元素为海水自生来源。
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图 5 洪水庄组样品Th-Zr（a），Th-YHo（b）关系图解Figure 5. Th-Zr, Th-Y/Ho relationship diagram of samples from Hongshuihzhuang Formation rocks海洋垂直分布Y/Ho比值也可以用来判别沉积物是来自于陆源碎屑还是海水沉积（Zhang et al., 1994）。Y和Ho具有相似的离子半径，并具有相似的物理化学性质（Zhang et al., 1994）。由于沉积物在水柱中对Ho的捕捉能力大约是Y的2倍（Bau, 1996a; Zhang and Nozaki, 1996; Nozaki et al, 1997），以陆源碎屑为主要来源的沉积物具有均匀且较低的Y/Ho比值，一般介于26~28（Balz and Gregory, 2001），上地壳和页岩的Y/Ho平均值介于25~30（Mclennan, 2013），海水沉积物的Y/Ho比较高，变化区间大，但一般都介于60~70（Balz and Gregory, 2001）。洪水庄组样品中的Y/Ho为30.5~38.5，平均值为33.2，介于球粒陨石和海水之间，说明洪水庄组沉积物不仅有海水沉积成分，也有陆源碎屑的成分（Bau and Dulski, 1996b）。研究表明，随着海水沉积物的稀土元素逐步被陆源碎屑沉积物的稀土元素混入和叠加，Y/Ho比值有随着ΣREE含量增大有减小的趋势（Chen et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2016）。从海水（Y/Ho=60）和UCC陆源碎屑（Y/Ho=27.5）的混合沉积百分比趋势中（图 6）可以看出，洪水庄组样品沉积物来源中海水沉积所占比例介于10%~20%。
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图 6 洪水庄组样品物源百分含量识别图（底图据Zhang et al, 2016）注：红色曲线代表的是海水沉积和UCC陆源碎屑沉积混合含量的百分比趋势；百分数代表的是海水沉积百分比Figure 6. Percentage identification chart of source material in Hongshuizhuang Formation(after Zhang et al., 2016)(The red curve represents the percentage trend of the mixing content of seawater deposition and UCC terrigenous clastic deposition. The percentage represents the percentage of seawater sediments)沉积岩中，稀土元素含量及分布模式与沉积物来源和沉积环境有着密切联系(Wilde et al., 1996; Bellanca et al., 1997)。Eu2+一般出现在与岩浆活动有关的下地壳强高温还原环境中（Michard, 1989; German et al., 1999），火山热液物质会造成沉积物出现Eu正异常特征（Chen et al., 2006）。正常的海水具有轻稀土富集和Ce负异常特征。洪水庄组沉积物稀土元素经过澳大利亚页岩（PAAS）标准化后（Pourmand et al., 2012），呈现轻稀土元素相对亏损、重稀土相对富集的左倾型配分模式（图 7）。Ce异常值为0.82~0.97，平均值为0.89，为负异常。且Eu异常值为1.01~1.20，平均值为1.11，普遍呈正异常（表 2）。
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图 7 澳大利亚页岩标准化（PAAS）后洪水庄组泥页岩样品稀土元素分布模式（数据来源于Pourmand et al., 2012）Figure 7. REE distribution pattern of Hongshuizhuang formation shale samples after shale standardization in Australia(data from Pourmand et al., 2012)由于洪水庄组沉积期，主要以被动大陆边缘构造-沉积环境为特征，构造环境相对稳定，浅海沉积体系总体成面状分布，所以形成以滨岸和陆棚环境为主的碳酸盐岩和细碎屑岩混积体系（曲永强等，2010）。野外露头也发现有硅质页岩的存在（图 2a），而硅质岩的地球化学特征表明热水成因硅质岩与火山岩共生、非热水成因硅质岩与沉积岩共生且均形成于被动大陆边缘的海相、海陆交互相等环境（徐勇航等，2008；李红中等，2012）。此外，华北克拉通北部在中元古代地幔发生一系列强烈隆升，其盆山构造属于典型地幔亚热柱，同时伴随有广泛分布的元古宙火山岩侵入体（Zhai et al 2000; Menzies et al., 2007; 乔秀夫等，2007）。因此，结合其沉积构造背景分析，认为洪水庄组不仅具有陆源碎屑和海水沉积混积特征，还可能有火山碎屑成分。
5.2 氧化还原条件
氧化还原敏感元素指那些溶解度明显受沉积环境氧化还原控制而导致其向还原性水体和沉积物中迁移而自生富集的微量元素，主要包括Mo、V、Ni、Co、Cr，U等（Francois, 1988；Russell and Morford, 2001）。由于微量元素会受到陆源组分的影响，简单的利用微量元素绝对含量来判断水体的氧化还原条件并不准确（白忠凯等，2018）。利用V/ Cr、Ni/Co指标可以示踪和恢复古环境氧化还原状态（Hatch and Leventhal, 1992; Jones and Manning, 1994；陈孝红等, 2018）。V/Cr＞4.25为厌氧环境，2.00~4.25为贫氧环境，＜2.00为富氧环境。Ni/ Co＞7为厌氧环境，介于5~7为贫氧环境，＜5为富氧环境。δU=[2U/（U+Th/3）]＞1为厌氧环境，＜1为富氧环境（吴朝东和陈其英，1999）。Mo含量在5× 10-6~40×10-6以上可指示沉积物形成于静海还原条件（Piper, 1994; Crusius et al., 1996）。虽然不同学者对于这些元素及比值所反映的沉积环境划分方法有所差异，但基本上都认为沉积环境还原程度增强，这些参数值也相应增加。
根据判别标准，利用Ni/Co、V/Cr、δU和Mo关系图对洪一段和洪二段的氧化还原环境进行恢复，结果（图 8）显示出良好的一致性：洪一段泥页岩类形成于贫氧和厌氧环境，洪二段白云岩类形成于正常的氧化环境。这种不同的氧化还原状态可能是由于水体的深度变化引起的，一般在深水条件下更容易成缺氧环境（Zhou et al., 2015）。
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图 8 洪水庄组样品氧化还原参数交会图a—δU-Ni/Co图; b—δU -V/Cr图; c—Mo- Ni/Co图; d—Mo- V/Cr图Figure 8. Rendezvous of redox parameters of the Hongshuizhuang Formation samplesa-δU-Ni/CO diagram; b-δU-V/Cr diagram; c-Mo-Ni/CO diagram; d-Mo-V/Cr diagram近年来，Algeo and Tribovillard（2009）首次提出利用沉积物U/Mo比值及其富集系数（用Mo-EF和U-EF表示）来限定沉积盆地内颗粒传输机制和过程。通过对现代海洋的研究，建立了非滞留、弱滞留和强滞留3种海洋环境下的U-Mo协变模式（Tribovillard et al., 2012）。U-Mo协变模式能同时识别海盆水体滞留情况和氧化还原条件。以东太平洋为代表的非滞留环境为例，在贫氧条件下，由于U富集开始于Fe（Ⅲ）-Fe（Ⅱ）氧化还原反应界限，早于Mo的富集，使Mo/U比值为正常海水的0.1~0.3倍。随着水体还原程度的增强，Mo在沉积物中的富集速率超过U，使沉积物中的Mo/U比值增大，为正常海水的1~3倍；在Caricao Basin为代表的弱滞留环境中，由于金属氢氧化物颗粒作为载体能加强水中的Mo进入沉积物中的速率，Mo/U比值通常是海水的3~10倍；以黑海为代表的强滞留环境中，Mo/U比值很低，一般小于正常海水值，且Mo/U比值在厌氧环境中会随着富集系数的增加而降低，这是由于强烈的盆地滞留限制了U和Mo的重新补给，而沉积物对Mo的吸收速率大于U，导致海水中的Mo比U更加亏损。
现代海洋环境硫化海域所占的面积仅0.3%或不到，元古宙硫化海域所占的面积较大，相当于现代全球海洋面积的30%~40%。这种条件下Mo总量会在硫化水体中过量沉降，造成元古宙海洋的Mo浓度远远低于现代海洋水平（Lyons et al., 2009）。且由于元古宙海洋环境富铁（Canfield, 1998），沉积物能够吸收更多的U元素，而Mo的吸收量不变，导致中元古代海洋和沉积物中Mo/U比值均比现代海洋和沉积物低，约为现代海洋和沉积物1/3（Algeo and Tribovillard, 2009）。由于中元古代海洋和沉积物Mo/U比值是同步偏低，借鉴于UMo协变模式，可用于分析洪水庄组古海盆的氧化还原和水体滞留情况。
从图 9中可以看出，在洪一段沉积期，水体还原程度的增强，Mo-EF和U-EF值较高，水体还原程度强，处于厌氧-硫化环境。Mo元素富集较U快，造成Mo-EF/U-EF比值接近于正常海水的1~3倍；在洪二段沉积期，Mo和U富集系数低，水体还原性差，为贫氧环境。Mo-EF/U-EF比值也低，为正常海水的0.3倍，分布在贫氧-厌氧区域，这些变化特征与海洋非滞留海盆环境基本一致。不同的是，中元古代Mo-EF/U-EF相比于现代海洋的“强滞留环境”和“弱滞留环境”的Mo-EF/U-EF有向左偏移现象（即较低的U-EF值可对应任何特定的Mo-EF值）。
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图 9 洪水庄组样品Mo-EF和U-EF协变图Figure 9. Mo-EF and U-EF covariant diagram of Hongshuizhuang Formation samplesMo-EF =(U/Al)sample /(U/Al)PAAS), U-EF=(Mo/Al)sample/ (Mo /Al)PAAS综上分析表明，洪水庄组沉积环境为非滞留海盆，氧化还原条件在沉积过程中发生了演变，且早期为厌氧-硫化环境，晚期还原程度降低，演变为贫氧-厌氧环境。这种演变与垂直升降构造背景以及沉积海平面变化密切相关，雾迷山组、洪水庄组和铁岭组作为一个大的沉积旋回，其二级海平面发生过多次海侵和海退，为滨海和陆棚沉积环境（梅冥相等，1998；曲永强等，2010）。受铁岭上升、芹峪上升等区域构造运动的影响，洪水庄组沉积早期海平面上升，晚期至铁岭组沉积期海平面发生下降（旷红伟等，2009），导致其氧化还原条件也发生了变化。
6. 结论
（1）洪水庄组沉积物来源具有混积特征，不仅有陆源碎屑物质，还有海水沉积物。其中海水沉积物来源占比介于10%~20%。此外，稀土元素分布模式以及Ce和Eu异常暗示沉积物来源有火山热液活动的参与。
（2）Mo-EF/U-EF分析结果表明洪水庄为海洋非滞留海盆沉积环境，氧化还原条件在沉积期发生了演变：在洪一段沉积时期，水体还原程度强，为厌氧-硫化环境；洪二段沉积时期，水体还原程度降低，为贫氧-厌氧环境。这种沉积环境的演变与构造背景以及海平面变化密切相关。
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图 1 华北北部燕山地区中新元古界地层柱状图（左）和清河剖面洪水庄组岩性柱状图（右）
Figure 1. The Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic column of the Yanshan area (left) and lithological columns of the Hongshuangzhuang Formation of the Qinghe section(right) in north China
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图 2 华北宽城清河剖面洪水庄组野外露头（a-硅质页岩；b-灰黑色泥页岩）
Figure 2. Outcrop of the Hongshuizhuang Formation in the Qinghe section, Kuancheng, North China (a-siliceous shale; b-grayish black shale)
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图 3 华北北部燕辽裂陷现今构造区划简图
Figure 3. Simplified map of geological structure in Yanshan area of north China
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图 4 微量元素和稀土元素平均含量直方图
Figure 4. Histogram of average content of trace elements and rare earth elements
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图 5 洪水庄组样品Th-Zr（a），Th-YHo（b）关系图解
Figure 5. Th-Zr, Th-Y/Ho relationship diagram of samples from Hongshuihzhuang Formation rocks
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图 6 洪水庄组样品物源百分含量识别图（底图据Zhang et al, 2016）
注：红色曲线代表的是海水沉积和UCC陆源碎屑沉积混合含量的百分比趋势；百分数代表的是海水沉积百分比
Figure 6. Percentage identification chart of source material in Hongshuizhuang Formation(after Zhang et al., 2016)
(The red curve represents the percentage trend of the mixing content of seawater deposition and UCC terrigenous clastic deposition. The percentage represents the percentage of seawater sediments)
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图 7 澳大利亚页岩标准化（PAAS）后洪水庄组泥页岩样品稀土元素分布模式（数据来源于Pourmand et al., 2012）
Figure 7. REE distribution pattern of Hongshuizhuang formation shale samples after shale standardization in Australia(data from Pourmand et al., 2012)
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图 8 洪水庄组样品氧化还原参数交会图
a—δU-Ni/Co图; b—δU -V/Cr图; c—Mo- Ni/Co图; d—Mo- V/Cr图
Figure 8. Rendezvous of redox parameters of the Hongshuizhuang Formation samples
a-δU-Ni/CO diagram; b-δU-V/Cr diagram; c-Mo-Ni/CO diagram; d-Mo-V/Cr diagram
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图 9 洪水庄组样品Mo-EF和U-EF协变图
Figure 9. Mo-EF and U-EF covariant diagram of Hongshuizhuang Formation samples
Mo-EF =(U/Al)sample /(U/Al)PAAS), U-EF=(Mo/Al)sample/ (Mo /Al)PAAS
表 1 华北北部中元古界清河剖面洪水庄组样品微量元素含量(10-6)
Table 1 Contents (10-6) of trace elements in the samples of Hongshuizhuang Formation from Qinghe section of Middle Proterozoic in north China
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 华北北部中元古界清河剖面洪水庄组样品微量元素数据相关计算结果
Table 2 Calculation results of trace element data of Hongshuizhuang Formation from Qinghe section of Middle Proterozoic in northern part of North China
下载: 导出CSV
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