The first large-sized graphite deposit in Tibet: geology of the Qingguo graphite deposit and U-Pb age of its ore-bearing pluton
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摘要:
中国石墨矿产资源丰富，已有的勘查和研究成果多集中于中部、东部地区，而西藏地区石墨矿资源现状及找矿潜力并不清晰。随着矿产勘查工作的投入，在三江地区探获了西藏首例大型石墨矿床——青果石墨矿床。估算结果表明，青果石墨矿床资源量为106.94万t固定碳矿物量(333+334)，平均品位8.40%。文章通过详细的野外地质调查及钻孔地质编录，查明青果矿床的基本地质特征；利用锆石U-Pb年代学分析，厘定其含矿岩体的成岩时代，并结合碳同位素组成，探究矿床成因及成矿时代。研究表明，青果矿床石墨主要呈球状、不规则粒状产于二长花岗岩中，矿体呈板状、不规则状，是二长花岗岩捕掳下石炭统卡贡组含煤地层在岩浆热液作用下重结晶的产物。含矿二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(244.7±1.3)Ma，形成于中三叠世，代表了含矿岩浆活动的时限，也近似代表石墨成矿时代。区域上多个石墨矿床/点的发现，表明西藏三江地区具备较好的晶质石墨矿找矿潜力。
Abstract:China is rich in graphite mineral resources, and the existing exploration and research results are mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions. However, the present situation and prospecting potential of graphite mineral resources in Tibet are not clear. With the investment of mineral exploration work, the first large graphite deposit in the Sanjiang area of Tibet was discovered, namely the Qingguo graphite deposit. Its resource is 1.0694 million tons of fixed carbon minerals (indicated and inferred) at average grade of 8.40%. Through detailed field geological survey and borehole geological logging, the basic geological characteristics of the deposit have been clarified. The emplacement age of the ore-bearing pluton was determined by zircon U-Pb geochronology. Combined with the carbon isotopic composition, the genesis and metallogenic age of the deposit were studied. Orebodies in the deposits are hosted in a monzogranite pluton as thick tabular and irregular shape, and graphite is present as ball or irregular rains. These ore-bodies might be formed as the product of recrystallization during the magmatic hydrothermal activity when the coal-bearing strata of the Lower Carboniferous Kagong Formation were captured by monzogranite magma. The U-Pb age of ore-bearing monzogranite yielding (244.7±1.3)Ma indicates its emplacement during Middle Triassic, which represents the magmatic age and metallogenic age. The discovery of many graphite deposits and prospects in Tibet indicate that there is good exploration potential of graphite resources, especially in the Sanjiang area.
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Keywords:
- graphite deposit /
- mineral characteristics /
- zircon U-Pb age /
- mineral exploration engineering /
- Qingguo /
- Tibet
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致谢: 感谢西藏地勘局曾庆高高级工程师、西洛朗杰高级工程师的悉心指导；感谢自然资源部沉积盆地与油气重点实验室对实验测试的帮助；感谢匿名审稿专家提出的宝贵审改意见。
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图 1 西藏青果石墨矿床区域地质简图(据何亮等，2019)
Figure 1. Regional geological map of the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet (after He Liang et al., 2019)
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图 3 西藏青果石墨矿床Ⅱ-1号矿体剖面地质图
Figure 3. Section of No.Ⅱ-1 orebody in the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet
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图 4 西藏青果石墨矿床矿体露头及典型矿石特征
Figure 4. Outcrop and typical ores in the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet
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图 5 西藏青果石墨矿床矿石镜下特征
Figure 5. Microphotograph of graphite in the Qingguo deposit, Tibet
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图 6 西藏青果石墨矿床鳞片状石墨扫描电镜分析
Figure 6. Scanning electron microscope photoes of graphite in the Qingguo deposit, Tibet
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图 7 西藏青果矿床花岗闪长岩(a)和二长花岗岩(b)测年锆石
Figure 7. Zircon U-Pb dating of granodiorite (a) and monzonite granite (b) in the Qingguo deposit, Tibet
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图 8 西藏青果石墨矿床花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄图解
Figure 8. Zirco U-Pb Age of granodiorite in the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet
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图 9 西藏青果石墨矿床二长花岗岩锆石测年结果
Figure 9. Zircon U-Pb Age of monzonite granite in the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet
表 1 西藏青果石墨矿床花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩锆石测年结果
Table 1 U-Pb dating data of granodiorite and monzogranite in the Qingguo graphite deposit, Tibet
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