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摘要:
结合研究实践，将中国石油精细油藏描述研究进展总结为基于开发地震技术的复杂构造精细研究、潜山复杂岩性识别技术、井震结合储层精细预测技术、特低渗透储层裂缝表征技术、砾岩储层微观孔隙结构分类研究、基于密井网资料隔夹层刻画技术、砾岩油藏水淹层解释技术、油田开发过程中储层变化规律研究、砾岩储层水流优势通道识别技术、低渗透储层定量分类评价技术、断块油藏构型建模技术和多学科剩余油综合表征技术等12个方面。总结目前精细油藏描述研究中存在8方面问题，主要包括微构造(特别是低级序断层)解释无法满足油田开发需求、单砂体边界刻画和井间预测难度很大、裂缝表征与地质建模问题、碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层定量预测十分困难、复杂储层测井解释仍需持续攻关、水流优势通道识别预测问题、剩余油表征方法单一难以满足生产需要、精细油藏描述成果管理现状无法满足工作需求。最后指出了精细油藏描述研究的发展趋势。
Abstract:The latest progress of the studies on reservoir's fine description of petroleum in China is shown as the following 12 aspects, fine earthquake technology-based complex structure study, complex buried hill lithology recognition technology, fine prediction technology of reservoir through combination of well data and seismic data, characterizing techniques for fissures of low permeable reservoir, classification of microscopic pore structure of conglomerate reservoir, interlayer insulation features based on the data of dense well pattern, water flooded layer interpretation of conglomerate reservoir, reservoir variation law during the development of oilfields, flow channel identification technology of conglomerate reservoir, quantitative classification evaluation of low permeable reservoir, configuration modeling of fault block oil reservoir and multidisciplinary comprehensive characterization technique of residual oil, etc. At present, in the fine description research of reservoir there exist the following eight aspects of problems, mainly including interpretation of microstructures (especially low sequence faults) failing to meet oilfield development needs, many difficulties in single sand body boundary features and interwell prediction, fracture characterization and geological modeling, many difficulties in the quantitative prediction of carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoir, logging interpretation of complex reservoirs still needing to be studied continuously, difficulties in inflow channel identification, a single remaining oil characterization method difficult to meet the production needs, and management status of fine reservoir description result that cannot meet the work requirements. Finally, the development trend in the fine description of reservoir is pointed out.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
致谢: 项目研究过程中，特别感谢中国石油勘探与生产分公司副总地质师胡海燕教授、吴洪彪副处长、曹晨高级主管和大庆、辽河、新疆、长庆、吉林、大港、冀东、华北、青海、玉门、吐哈、塔里木、南方等油田公司相关领导和专家提供的指导和帮助！ -
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图 1 辽河盆地西部凹陷于楼油层井震结合断裂体系精细解释
Figure 1. Fine interpretation of fault system based on combination of well data and seismic data in the Yulou oil-bearing layer in west depression of Liaohe Basin
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图 2 松辽盆地徐东地区XS12区营城组一段火山岩地震相和火山岩相平面图
a—火山岩第III旋回地震相平面图；b—火山岩第III旋回岩相平面图
Figure 2. Plan of seismic facies and volcanic facies of No.1 Member of Yingcheng Formation in XS12 district, Xudong District, Songliao Basin
a-Plan of seismic facies of the third cycle volcanic rocks; b-Plan of lithofacies of the third cycle volcanic rocks
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图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地某区延长组长2油层组镜下薄片裂缝特征
a, b—Z9井，裂缝，深度：1468.59 m；1468.59 m；c, d—D2井，裂缝，深度：1415.16 m
Figure 3. Fractures of thin section under microscope from the Chang 2 oil-bearing layer of Yanchang Formation in one area in Ordos Basin
a, b-Well9, fracture, depth: 1468.59 m; c, d-WellD2, fracture, depth: 1415.16 m
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图 4 准噶尔盆地西北缘某区克下组砾岩储层孔隙结构特征
a—J6井，砂砾岩，深度：405.32 m，粒内溶孔；b—J7井，砾质不等粒砂岩，深度：404.66 m，剩余粒间孔；c—J3井，砂质砾岩，深度：406.87 m，收缩孔、剩余粒间孔；d—J9井，中粗砂岩，深度：深度：552.69 m，粒间孔、粒间溶孔；e—T6井，含泥质不等粒砂岩，深度：939.50 m，基质中溶孔、粒内溶孔；f—J8井，含灰质砂砾岩，深度：430.73 m，微裂缝
Figure 4. Pore structure of conglomerate reservoir in Lower Karamay Formation in an Area on the northwestern margin of Junggar Basin
a-Well6, glutenite, depth: 405.32 m, Intragranular dissolved pore; b-Well7, pebbled unequal sandstone, depth: 404.66 m, residual intergranular pore; c-WellJ3, sandy conglomerate, depth: 406.87 m, shrinkage hole, residual intergranular pore; d-WellJ9, grit, depth: 552.69 m, the intergranular hole, intergranular dissolved pore; e-WellT6, argillaceous unequal sandstone, depth: 939.50 m, pores in the matrix, intragranular dissolved pore; f-WellJ8, gray-bearing conglomerate, depth: 430.73 m, microfracture
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图 5 辽河盆地西部凹陷于楼油层隔夹层特征
a—单层yI12c-yI23a之间隔层发育特征；b—单层yI12c中夹层频率特征
Figure 5. Characteristics of interlayer between single layers of Yulou oil-bearing layer in west depression of Liaohe Basin
a-Developed interlayer characteristics between single layer yI12c and yI23a; b-Sandwich frequency characteristics of single layer yI12c
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图 6 不同含油气盆地岩心和荧光薄片含油性特征
a—辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层，A2井，灰黑色细砂岩，油砂，深度：990.04~990.19 m；b—辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层，A10井，灰褐色细砂岩，含油，深度：950.86~951.03 m；c—辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层，A10井，灰褐色粉砂岩，油浸，深度：941.68~941.88 m；d—辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层，A261，灰黑色细砂岩，油斑，深度：962.05~962.25 m；e—准噶尔盆地西北缘某区克下组砾岩储层，T6井，灰色砂砾岩，油浸，深度：1076.38 m(荧光薄片)；f—准噶尔盆地西北缘某区克下组砾岩储层，T6井，灰色砾状不等粒岩屑砂岩，油浸，深度：1086.38 m(荧光薄片)
Figure 6. Cores of oil-bearing layer of and fluorescent thin sections in different oil-bearing Basins
a-Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area in the Western Depression of Liaohe Basin, WellA2, gray-black fine sandstone, the oil sands, depth: 990.04- 990.19 m; b- Yulou oil- bearing layer in one area in the Western Depression of Liaohe Basin, WellA10, gray- brown fine sandstone, oil, depth: 950.86 -951.03 m; c-Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area in the west sepression of Liaohe Basin, WellA10, taupe siltstone, oil immersion, depth: 941.68-941.88 m; d-Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area in the west depression of Liaohe Basin, WellA261, gray-black fine sandstone, oil spot, depth: 962.05-962.25 m; e-Conglomerate reservoir of the Lower Karamay Formation in a region in the northwest margin of Junggar Basin, WellT6, grey conglomerate, oil immersion, depth: 1076.38 m(Fluorescence section); f-Conglomerate reservoir of the lower Karamay Formation in a region on the northwest margin of Junggar Basin, WellT6, gray pebbly unequal lithic sandstone, oil immersion, depth: 1086.38 m (Fluorescence section)
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图 7 斜面微构造水驱油方向示意图(等高线单位为m)
(据李兴国，1993)
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of water displacement direction of inclined plane micro-structure (contour line unit m)
(after Li Xingguo, 1993)
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图 8 辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层单层砂体空间发育特征(平行物源方向)
Figure 8. Spatial development characteristics of single sand body in Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area of west depression of Liaohe Basin (parallel source direction)
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图 9 准噶尔盆地西北缘某区克下组砾岩储层裂缝镜下薄片和扫描电镜特征
a—J6井，深度：408.09 m，含泥质砾质砂岩，微裂缝，剩余粒间孔，粒内溶孔；b—J7井，深度：429.07 m，含菱铁矿砾质不等粒砂岩，微裂缝；c—J8井，深度：421.43 m，含灰质砂砾岩，微裂缝；d—T6井，深度：938.76 m，单片光，含泥质不等粒砂岩，微裂缝；e—J3井，微裂缝，深度：396.09 m；f— J3井，粒间缝与油浸，深度：400.80 m
Figure 9. Thin sections and scanning electron microscope of fractures in conglomerate reservoir of the Lower Karamay Formation in an area on the northwest margin of Junggar Basin
a-WellJ6, depth: 408.09 m, piliaceous pebbled sandstone, microfracture, residual intergranular pore, intragranular dissolved pore; b-WellJ7, depth: 429.07 m, siderite- bearing pebbled sandstone, microfracture; c- WellJ8, depth: 421.43 m, gray- bearing conglomerate, microfracture; d- WellT6, depth: 938.76 m, single light, , argillaceous unequal sandstone, microfracture; e-WellJ3, microfracture, depth: 396.09 m; f-WellJ3, Intergranular seam with oil immersion, depth: 400.80 m
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图 10 天津蓟县铁岭组灰岩缝洞野外露头特征
Figure 10. Outcrop of fracture cave in limestone of Tieling Formation, Jixian County, Tianjin
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图 11 辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层测井精细解释成果图
(蓝颜色为测井解释水层，红色为测井解释油层，黄色为测井解释砂岩，绿色为测井解释泥岩)
Figure 11. Fine logging interpretation of Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area of west depression of Liaohe Basin
(blue-water layer interpreted by logging, red-oil layer interpreted by logging, yellow-sandstone interpreted by logging, green-mudstone interpreted by logging)
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图 12 辽河盆地西部凹陷某区于楼油层单层yI11a测井解释水淹层分布特征
Figure 12. Distribution of water-flooded layers interpreted by logging of layer yI11a in Yulou oil-bearing layer in onearea of west depression of Liaohe Basin
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图 13 松辽盆地某地区营城组一段不同岩石类型孔隙发育CT扫描特征(据陈欢庆等，2016)
a—绿色流纹质凝灰岩，XS21井，营一段，孔隙度9.2%，密度2.39 g/cm3，渗透率0.437 MD，孔隙较发育；b—绿灰色流纹岩；XS14井，营一段，孔隙度14.3%，密度2.26 g/cm3，渗透率1.097 MD，孔隙发育
Figure 13. CT scanning of developed pores in different kinds of rocks of the No.1 Member of Yingcheng Formation in one area in Songliao Basin(after Chen Huanqing et al., 2016)
a-Green rhyolite tuff, Well XS21, one member of Yingcheng Formation, porosity9.2%, density2.39g/cm3, permeability 0.437 MD, pore development; b-Greenish-gray rhyolite, Well XS14, one member of Yingcheng Formation, porosity14.3%, density2.26 g/cm3, permeability 1.097 MD, pore development
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图 14 辽河盆地西部凹陷某区多点地质统计学建模结果与传统的序贯指示模拟结果对比图
a—单层yI12a多点地质统计学建模结果；b—单层yI12a传统的序贯指示模拟结果
Figure 14. Comparison of multi-point geostatistics modeling with traditional sequential indicator simulation in one area of west depression of Liaohe Basin
a-multi-point geostatistical modeling of single layer yI12a; b-traditional sequential instruction simulation modelings of single layer yI12a
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图 15 剩余油形成与分布研究流程(据林承焰，2000)
Figure 15. Research procedure for formation and distribution of residual oil (after Lin Chengyan, 2000)
表 1 国内外精细油藏描述研究现状对比(Stright et al., 2008；Correia et al., 2016；Medina et al., 2017；Liang Baosheng et al，2017；Jumat et al., 2017；Liu Kouqi et al，2018；陈欢庆，2019)
Table 1 Comparison of research status of reservoir fine description at home and abroad
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 辽河盆地西部凹陷某区某密闭取心井于楼油层岩心酸敏性实验结果(据Chen Huanqing，2019)
Table 2 Aacid sensitivity test result of a closed coring well in Yulou oil-bearing layer in one area in western depression of Liaohe Basin (after Chen Huanqing, 2019)
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地某区延长组长2油层组储层定量评价参数特征统计
Table 3 Statistics of quantitative evaluation parameters of Chang 2 oil-bearing layer in Yanchang Area of Ordos Basin
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 常规-非常规油气资源形成分布与关键技术表(据邹才能等，2011；Kulga，2018；Behmanesh et al., 2018；Sangnimnuan et al., 2018)
Table 4 Formation and distribution of conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources and key technologies (after Zou et al., 2011; Kulga, 2018; Behmanesh et al., 2018; Sangnimnuan et al., 2018)
下载: 导出CSV
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