Geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of early Cretaceous Yaocun A-type granite in the Lower Yangtze region
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摘要:
姚村岩体位于下扬子江南造山带东北端，主要由中心相的中粗粒正长花岗岩和边缘相的细粒似斑状正长花岗岩组成。本文对该岩体进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、主量元素、微量元素以及Nd-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明姚村岩体的形成年龄为（127.6±1.4）Ma，为燕山晚期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学研究表明姚村岩体属于A型花岗岩，具高硅、富铁，锆饱和温度高、轻重稀土分馏明显、富集Rb、Th、U、K、Pb等元素而亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Ti等元素、铕负异常显著（Eu/Eu*=0.22~0.46）的特点。姚村岩体的全岩εNd（t）值与锆石εHf（t）值分别变化于-6.2~-5.7和-13.9~-5.0，两阶段Nd和Hf同位素模式年龄分别为TDM2（Nd）=1439~1532 Ma和TDM2（Hf）=1508~2062 Ma，Nd同位素的模式年龄重叠于Hf同位素模式年龄。结合区域地质研究成果认为，姚村岩体可能于早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲作用之后伸展-拉伸环境下，由中元古代地壳重熔而成。
Abstract:The Yaocun pluton in Southern Anhui Province, lithologically consisting mainly of medium-to coarse-grained syenogranite in its centre and fine-grained porphyritic syenogranite on its margin, is outcropped around the northeastern Jiangnan orogeny of the Lower Yangtze region. This paper reports detailed study results of its the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, major elements, trace elements, whole-rock Nd isotopic compositions and zircon Hf isotopic compositions. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages show that the Yaocun pluton, as the product of magmatic activity in the late Yanshanian period, was emplaced at 127.6±1.4Ma. The studies of petrography and geochemistry of this rock indicate that it is A-type granite, and is characterized by rich silica, high iron, high zircon saturation temperatures, enrichment of Rb, Th, U, K and Pb, depletion of Ba, Nb, Sr and Ti, and significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.22-0.46). Its εNd(t) and εHf(t) values range from -6.2 to -5.7 and from -13.9 to -5.0 respectively, and the calculated two-stage model ages (TDM2) of Nd and Hf isotopes from 1439 Ma to 1532 Ma and from 1508 Ma to 2062 Ma respectively. Combined with the results of regional geological research, it is suggested that the Yaocun pluton might be formed by the Mesoproterozoic crust remelting under extension-tension environment after the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate during the Early Cretaceous.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 1 大地构造位置图（a）、区域构造略图（b，据陈芳等，2014修改）及岩体地质简图（c）
Figure 1. Schematic tectonic map of Lower Yangtze region showing the location of the studied area(a); tectonic sketch map of the studied area(b, after Chen Fang et al., 2014); and geological sketch map of the Yaocun pluton(c)
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图 2 姚村岩体野外及镜下照片
Q—石英；Pl—斜长石；Per—条纹长石；Bi—黑云母
Figure 2. Field and microscope photographs of the Yaocun pluton
Qtz-quartz; Pl-plagioclase; Per-perthite; Bt-biotite
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图 3 姚村岩体代表性锆石CL图像（a）及U-Pb年龄谐和图（b）
（实线小圈为锆石U-Pb同位素分析点，虚线大圈为Hf同位素分析点）
Figure 3. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons(a) and U-Pb Concordia diagrams of samples(b) from the Yaocun
A-type granitic pluton. Small solid circles are spots for U-Pb isotope analyses, and big dashed circles are spots for Hf isotope analyses
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图 4 姚村岩体TAS分类图解（a）（据Middlemost, 1994）和K2O-SiO2图解（b）（据Peccerillo et al., 1976）（圆形为中粗粒正长花岗岩，正方形为细粒似斑状正长花岗岩）
Figure 4. Alkali vs. silica (TAS) diagram (a, after Middlemost, 1994) and SiO2-K2O diagram(b, after Peccerillo et al., 1976) of the Yaocun pluton
(The circle represents medium-to coarse-grained syenogranite, and the square represents fine-grained porphyritic syenogranite.)
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图 5 姚村岩体球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（a）和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（b）
（球粒陨石和原始地幔的标准值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）（红线为中粗粒正长花岗岩，蓝线为细粒似斑状正长花岗岩）
Figure 5. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution diagram of Yaocun pluton (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider (b) Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (a) and primitive-mantle-normalized trace element date(b) for samples of the Yaocun pluton.
(Normalizing values are from Sun & McDonough 1989). (The red line represents medium-to coarse-grained syenogranite, and the blue line represents fine-grained porphyritic syenogranite.)
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图 6 姚村A型花岗岩判别图解（底图a据Collins et al., 1982；底图b据Frost and Frost, 2011; 底图c和d据Whalen et al., 1987）（图例同图 4）
Figure 6. Chemical discrimination diagrams of the Yaocun A-type granitic pluton: (a) Na2O vs. K2O; (b) FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) vs.SiO2; (c) (K2O+Na2O) /CaO vs. 10, 000 Ga; (d) Nb vs. 10, 000 Ga (a after Collins et al., 1982; b after Frost and Frost, 2011; c and d after Whalen et al., 1987). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 4
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图 8 姚村岩体源岩判别图解：（a）摩尔Al2O3/(MgO+FeOT)-摩尔CaO/(MgO+FeOT)图解（据Altherr et al., 2000）; （b）Al2O3/TiO2-CaO/Na2O图解（据Sylvester., 1998）（图例同图 4）
Figure 8. (a) Molar Al2O3/(MgO + FeOT) vs. CaO/(MgO + FeOT) and (b) Al2O3/TiO2 vs. CaO/Na2O diagrams of the Yaocun A-type granitic pluton (a after Altherr et al., 2000 and b after Sylvester., 1998). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 4
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图 9 姚村岩体全岩εNd(t)-t图解（a, 双桥山群和溪口岩群全岩Nd同位素据Chen & Jahn, 1998）和锆石εHf(t)-t图解（b，新元古代花岗岩锆石Hf同位素据Zhang & Zheng, 2013; Wang et al., 2013）
Figure 9. εNd(t) vs. t diagram (a, after Chen & Jahn, 1998) and εHf(t) vs. t diagram (b, after Zhang & Zheng, 2013; Wang et al., 2013) of the Yaocun pluton
表 1 姚村岩体中粗粒正长花岗岩（8849-1-1）LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb同位素分析结果
Table 1 Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronology results in the Yaocun coarse-grained syenogranite
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 姚村岩体全岩主量元素（%）、稀土元素和微量元素含量（10-6）
Table 2 The content of main elements (%), rare earth elements and trace elements(10-6) of the Yaocun pluton
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 姚村岩体全岩Sr-Nd同位素测试结果
Table 3 Sr-Nd isotope compositions of representative samples from the Yaocun pluton
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 姚村岩体（8849-1-1）锆石Hf同位素组成
Table 4 Hf isotopic compositions of zircon grains from the Yaocun pluton determined by LA-MC-ICP-MS
下载: 导出CSV
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