Discovery of Lower Cretaceous unconformity in Linhe Depression of Hetao Basin and its implication to structural evolution
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摘要:
河套盆地临河坳陷是一个NE-SW向展布的中—新生代的弧形走滑拉分盆地。依据地层古生物微体化石组合特征、不整合体的测井响应特征(包括声波时差法确定不整合面)、不整合面的地震响应特征等方法综合研究，发现了下白垩统内部不整合。不整合面之上发育固阳组，之下发育乌尔塔组。固阳组全盆普遍发育，地层厚度差异不大。乌尔塔组主要分布在靠近狼山断裂附近的两个小凹陷内，地层厚度整体由西北向东南递减。地震资料的时深转换结果显示：南部小凹陷地层厚度大于北部小凹陷，在南部最厚处约800 m，北部最厚处约600 m。乌尔塔组沉积后，盆地受中燕山运动的影响，受到NW-SE向挤压应力，由于挤压作用差异抬升，地层遭受剥蚀，形成下白垩统内部不整合。该不整合具备从西北往东南由平行不整合逐渐转变为角度不整合的特征。结合不整合的成因特征和地层厚度变化，将早白垩世盆地的构造演化分为早白垩世早期断陷阶段、早白垩世中期挤压抬升剥蚀阶段、早白垩世晚期弱伸展坳陷阶段。
Abstract:The Linhe Depression of Hetao Basin is a NE-SW trending Meso-Cenozoic arc-shaped strike-slip pull basin. Based on the combination of microfauna fossils, logging response characteristics (including the method of acoustic wave time difference to determine unconformity) and seismic response characteristics of unconformity, an unconformity within the Lower Cretaceous was identified. The unconformity is distinguished by the overlying Guyang Formation and underlying Urta Formation. The former is generally developed throughout the basin, and its thickness does not change much, and the latter with thickness decreasing from northwest to southeast as a whole is mainly distributed in two small sags close to the Langshan fault. The time and depth conversion results of the seismic data show that the thickness of the Urta Formation in the south is greater than that in the north. The thickest formation in the south is about 800 meters, and the thickest formation in the north is about 600 meters. After the deposition of the Urta Formation, the basin was affected by the Middle Yanshan Movement and subjected to the northwest-southeast compression. Due to the squeezing effect, the strata were uplifted and suffered erosion, resulting in the internal unconformity within the Lower Cretaceous. The unconformity is characterized by gradually changing from parallel unconformity to angular unconformity from northwest to southeast. Combined with the causes of the unconformity and the change of the thickness of the strata, the structural evolution of the basin in the early Cretaceous can be divided into three stages: the fault depression stage in the early Early Cretaceous, the uplift and erosion stage in the middle Early Cretaceous and the weak extension depression stage in the late Early Cretaceous.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
莱阳是我国著名的恐龙之乡，晚白垩世鸭嘴龙类的骨骼化石十分丰富，但早白垩世恐龙则发现不多，仅有少量鹦鹉嘴龙类。2000年，曾在莱阳早白垩世龙旺庄组发现过兽脚类足迹化石。最近，我们在海阳凤城镇凤翔路附近(36°43'17"N，121°14'40"E)发现了一个新的小型兽脚类恐龙足迹化石点。本项研究的目的，是确定造迹恐龙的类型，并探讨其足迹分类意义，为早白垩世胶莱盆地恐龙群面貌恢复提供重要化石依据。
2. 研究方法(Methords)
采用传统的地层学、古生态学研究方法。首先，野外测制含化石层位的地层剖面，分层并进行岩性描述，标注足迹化石的产出层位，测量足迹大小等参数、绘制足迹产出状态图、采集有关的足迹标本等；其次，根据区域地质资料确定足迹的产出层位，室内绘制地层剖面图和足迹平面分布图等；最后，开展恐龙足迹的古生态学研究，查明造迹恐龙的种类，探讨其行为习性及生活环境等。
3. 研究结果(Results)
恐龙足迹产于中层灰绿色、灰紫色粉砂岩、细砂岩中。根据岩性组合、沉积特征及与区域地层对比，确认其产出层位为早白垩世莱阳群杨家庄组，为一套河湖湘沉积。该组与以往报道的莱阳地区产兽脚类足迹拟跷脚龙足迹Paragrallator的龙旺庄组及下伏的水南组时代相当。
此次共发现较清晰的恐龙足迹化石26个。其中，15个产于层面上，为正常凹型足迹，未能采集(图 1)；7个位于岩层底面，为凸型足迹，分布于2块标本上，已被采集(图 2)。足迹均为小的三趾型，最大的长10.0 cm，宽5.3 cm；最小的长5.0 cm，宽4.0 cm。因为足长大于宽，足迹较窄且爪迹明显，应为小型兽脚类恐龙的足迹。根据足迹大小、长宽比值以及Ⅱ、Ⅳ趾间角的大小，可将这些足迹分为a、b、c 3个形态类群(表 1)。类型a：长略大于宽，足长和宽均值分别为6.0 cm和4.7 cm；类型b：长远大于宽，长和宽均值为7.3 cm和3.6 cm(图 2b)；类型c：只有一个足迹，长10.0 cm，宽5.3 cm。研究认为，类型a类似于山东诸城黄龙沟同时期的兽脚类足迹强壮足迹Corpulentapus，但后者个体要大得多，几乎是其2倍；类型b与山东莒南后左山早白垩世田家楼组的甄朔南小龙足迹Minisauripus zhenshuonani大小相似，但后者的长宽比值较小，特别是类型b的Ⅲ趾更长直、粗壮，这点又与后左山的跷脚龙足迹Grallator isp.相似，因此，其应为二者之间的过渡类型；类型c根据形态、大小等则可归入Grallator isp.。Grallator是最早被命名的恐龙足迹属之一，足迹长一般不超过15 cm，三趾型，两侧趾间夹角较小，中趾较两侧趾前伸明显(大于Eubrontes或Anchisauripus)，足迹狭窄，长宽比值大于或等于2。以往足长小于15 cm的三趾型兽脚类足迹往往归于该足迹属。需要指出的是，恐龙足迹的分类主要是根据形态，受底质等环境因素影响很大，往往同一个恐龙个体可以形成不同的足迹属。因此，研究者对于对于足迹的分类比较谨慎，本文也对类型a和b进行进一步的分类归并。需要指出，这些小型足迹的层面分布相对密集、方向性较为杂乱，可能意味着它们的造迹恐龙具有群居特征，起码足迹的产地是一个小型恐龙经常聚会的地区。此外，根据有关的经验公式，可以推测造迹恐龙的大小，一般身高是足长的4倍，而身长是身高的3倍。据此推测这批足迹的造迹恐龙体长约为80~90 cm，高近30 cm。但由于这些足迹杂乱，加之出露局限，难以识别出完整的行迹(trackway)，因此，步长及运动速度等参数暂时无法获取。
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图 1 海阳凤城镇层野外层面凹型保存的部分恐龙足迹照片Figure 1. Photograph showing part of diminutive dinosaur tracks in concave epireliefs in Fengcheng Town of Haiyang![]()
图 2 海阳凤城镇采集到的两块足迹标本照片足迹均呈层底凸型保存：A—较清晰的6个足迹；B—两种主要的恐龙足迹类型a和bFigure 2. Photograph of two collected track specimens from Fengcheng Town of HaiyangTracks preserved as natural cast, with 6 tracks in A and two major dinosaur track types(a and b)in B表 1 海阳恐龙足迹主要特征Table 1. Main characteristics of dinosaur footprints in Haiyang
4. 结论(Conclusions)
(1) 凤城镇的足迹三趾型，由小型兽脚类恐龙形成，它们是海阳地区恐龙足迹的首次发现，时代为早白垩世中晚期，产出地层层位是下白垩统莱阳群杨家庄组。
(2) 可以识别出26个恐龙足迹，采集的两块标本含8个足迹，另外18个足迹仍然保持在野外。这些足迹可分为3个形态类型。类型a类似于Corpulentapus，但个体偏小；类型b应为足迹属Minisauripus与Grallator之间的过渡类型，将在小型兽脚类恐龙足迹的分类中占据重要位置；类型c则可归入Grallator isp。
(3) 尽管该地没有发现兽脚类骨骼化石，但此次恐龙足迹的发现表明，在早白垩世，胶莱盆地东南部的海阳为河湖相环境，生活着体长80~90 cm群居的小型肉食性兽脚类恐龙群。因此，恐龙足迹是恐龙研究的重要内容，特别在缺乏恐龙骨骼化石的情况下，足迹化石是研究恐龙的绝佳材料。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgement)
本文为国家自然科学基金项目(41741008)和中国地质调查局项目“1:100万天津幅海洋区域地质调查”(1212011220113)资助的成果。
致谢: 行文过程中得到华北油田分公司大力支持; 审稿专家及责任编辑对论文提出了宝贵的修改意见，在此谨致以衷心感谢。 -
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图 2 河套盆地临河坳陷地层综合柱状图(据付锁堂等，2018；杜晓宇，2019；有修改)
Figure 2. Comprehensive column of strata in Linhe Depression, Hetao Basin(modified from Fu Suotang et al., 2018; Du Xiaoyu, 2019)
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图 3 临河坳陷吉参1-松探1-临深3-临深4连井剖面
Figure 3. Profile of Linhe Depression Jishen1- Songling 1- Linshen 3- Linshen 4 Union well
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图 4 临河坳陷声波时差法确定不整合面
a—吉参1井；b—松探1井
Figure 4. The acoustic wave time difference method used for determination of the unconformity in Linhe Depression
a-The well of Jican 1;b-The well of Songtan 1
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图 6 临河坳陷下白垩统内部不整合平面分布图
Figure 6. Geological plan map showing the Lower Cretaceous unconformity in Linhe depression
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图 7 河套盆地临河坳陷下白垩统内部角度不整合成因分析模式图
Figure 7. Genetic analysis map of the Lower Cretaceous internal angle unconformity of in the Linhe depression, Hetao Basin
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