Activity of eastern part of the Maniao-Puqian fault in northern Hainan Island and its evaluation of crustal stability
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摘要:
近东西向展布的马袅—铺前断裂是琼北地区主要活动断裂之一，也是1605年琼山7.5级地震主要控震断裂之一，其活动性对评价海南岛北部地壳稳定性及地质灾害预测有着重要意义。本文通过遥感解译、活动断裂断错地貌填图、高密度电法剖面测量、联孔剖面钻探验证等方法，查明了马袅—铺前断裂东段的空间展布特征：8条北东东向展布、北倾或南倾的正断层F2-1~F2-8组成三堑夹两垒构造，继承上新世之前的多期活动断裂。年代学测试结果鉴别出5条全新世活动断裂（F2-1、F2-4、F2-6、F2-7、F2-8），2条前第四纪断裂（F2-2、F2-5）和1条早中更新世断裂（F2-3）；全新世以来F2-1、F2-7、F2-8断裂垂直活动速率为0.43~1.79 mm/a；F2-4、F2-6断裂垂直活动速率为0.12~0.33 mm/a。结果表明，东寨港东岸地区处于不稳定区，应加强断裂活动的监测力度，工程建设时应按照相关标准进行规避。
Abstract:The Maniao-Puqian fault trending east-west, as the major one controlling the Qiongshan earthquake registered 7.5 magnitude on Richter scale in 1605, is a major active fault in the northern Hainan area. Hence, its activity's measuring is critical for crustal stability evaluation and for geological hazard forecast in the northern part of Hainan Island. Various methods were used to determine the distribution of the eastern part of this fault, including remote sensing images interpretation, fault landform mapping, high-density electrical detecting and cross-section drilling validation. The results show that it is spatially composed of 8 north-dipping or south-dipping NEE-trending normal faults (F2-1~F2-8), constituting the three-graben and two-barrier structure, and inheriting the multi-stage activities from the faults before the Pliocene. Five Holocene active faults (F2-1, F2-4, F2-6, F2-7 and F2-8), two pre-Quaternary faults (F2-2 and F2-5) and one early Miocene fault (F2-3) were identified by chronological tests. Moreover, the vertical movement rate of F2-1, F2-7 and F2-8 was 0.43-1.79 mm/a, while that of F2-4 and F2-6 between 0.12-0.33 mm/a since Holocene. The above research shows that the structures in this area are all in an active state, which has a great influence on the future engineering construction, and the monitoring efforts must be strengthened.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素，其地壳丰度为1.5×10-6，主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示，闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物，但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10-6)外，其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型，SEDEX；火山块状硫化物型，VMS；密西西比河谷型，MVT，等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常 < 300×10-6。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象，现报道如下。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
在细致深入的矿床学和矿物学研究基础上，利用激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对竹林沟锌矿床主要金属矿物闪锌矿进行原位微量元素组成分析。统计闪锌矿中Ge等元素的富集特征，结合相关分析和以往研究成果，揭示竹林沟锌矿床中Ge的超常富集机制。
3. 研究结果(Results)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量为592×10-6~1100×10-6(平均764×10-6，表 1)，锌矿石中Ge的平均品位97.9×10-6。闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料显示，扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT铅锌矿床，如牛角塘、会泽、毛坪、富乐等，其闪锌矿中Ge的含量均 < 652×10-6，即便富乐矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量最高，但其平均含量也仅为191×10-6，明显比竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)低。
表 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿部分元素含量(10-6)Table 1. The part elemental contents of sphalerite from the Zhulingou Zn deposit(10-6)
与世界上主要类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料相比，竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比SEDEX(Ge含量通常 < 50×10-6)、VMS(Ge含量多数 < 100×10-6)和MVT(Ge含量n×10-6~n×102×10-6，Ge平均含量 < 300×10-6)等闪锌矿中Ge的含量高出一个数量级。竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量与法国Noailhac-Saint Salvy热液脉型Zn-Ge-Ag-Pb-Cd矿床(Ge平均含量750×10-6)和玻利维亚Porco浅成热液型Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn-Ge矿床(n×102×10-6~2500×10-6)等少数类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)相当。
可见，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比目前已知扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)都高，且明显高出全球主要类型(除岩浆热液型和热液脉型外)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)一个数量级，具有显著超常富集特征(接近Ge地壳丰度的1000倍)。
初步分析显示，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ga和Cd之间具有正相关关系；相反，Fe与Ga和Cd之间均具有负相关关系，这表明该矿床闪锌矿中Ga和Cd很可能不是直接替代Zn而是替代Fe，与笔者前期认识基本一致。然而，不难发现该矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ge之间呈一定的负相关关系，但Fe和Ge之间则呈一定的正相关关系，进一步地Zn与Fe之间具有显著的负相关关系，且Zn与Fe+Ge之间负相关性更显著(图 1)。目前，闪锌矿中主要有六种Ge替代Zn的方式：(1)2Cu++Cu2++Ge4+↔4Zn2+；(2)Ge2+↔Zn2+；(3)2Ag++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(4)2Cu++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(5)□(晶体空位)+Ge4+↔2Zn2+；(6)nCu+Ge↔(n+1)Zn。可见，这六种替代方式均不能解释竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn和Fe+Ge之间的强烈负相关关系。因此，笔者推测该矿床中Ge很可能是与Fe一起共同替代Zn进入闪锌矿晶格(Fe+Ge↔2Zn)，是一种新的Ge替代方式。
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图 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn-(Fe+Ge)相关图解Figure 1. Relationship diagram of sphalerite Zn-(Fe+Ge)in the Zhulingou Zn deposit4. 结论(Conclusions)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中显著超常富集锗，锗的富集程度接近1000倍，且锗与铁一起共同替代锌进入闪锌矿晶格，是一种新的锗替代方式。初步估算竹林沟锌矿床锗金属储量超过400 t，而竹林沟锌矿床外围还有半边街等锌矿床，初步预测研究区锗资源量可能达到超大型规模(>1000 t)，一个新的国家级乃至世界级锗资源基地曙光已现。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgments)
感谢科技部、国家自然科学基金委、云南省科技厅和云南大学对本项目的支持。
致谢: 光释光样品由南京师范大学白世彪老师测试完成，中国地质大学（北京）的游报捷同学在遥感影像处理工作中给予了很大帮助，审稿专家及编辑老师对论文提出宝贵意见，在此一并表示感谢。 -
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图 1 马袅—铺前断裂分布图
1—全新统；2—上更新统八所组；3—中更新统北海组；4—下更新统秀英组；5—上新统海口组；6—前新生代基岩；7—花岗岩；8—第四纪玄武岩；9—1605年琼山7.5级地震；10—火山口；11—断裂带；F1-澄迈—冯坡断裂；F2-马袅-铺前断裂；F3—新村—林乌断裂；F4—龙头—博抚断裂；F6—琼华—莲塘断裂；F7—长流—仙沟断裂；F8—颜春岭—道崖断裂；F9—城府—卜亚岭断裂；F13—铺前—清澜断裂；F14—海口—云龙断裂；F17—王五—文教断裂
Figure 1. Structural map showing distribution of the Maniao-Puqian fault
1- Holocene series; 2- Basuo Formation of Upper Pleistocene series; 3- Beihai Formation of Middle Pleistocene series; 4- Xiuying Formation of Lower Pleistocene series; 5- Haikou formation of Pliocene series; 6- Pre- Cenozoic bedrock; 7- Granite; 8- Quaternary basalt; 9- 1605 Qiongshan M7.5 earthquake; 10-Crater; 11-Fault zone; F1-Chengmai-Fengpo fault; F2-Maniao-Puqian fault; F3-Xincun-Linwu fault; F4-Longtou-Bowu fault; F6-Qionghua-Liantang fault; F7-Changliu-Xiangou fault; F8-Yanchunling-Daoya fault; F9-Chengfu-Buyaling fault; F13-Puqian-Qinglan fault; F14-Haikou-Yunlong fault; F17-Wangwu-Wenjiao fault
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图 2 电测剖面与钻孔分布位置图
a—山尾村剖面；b—良坑山剖面；c—港头村剖面；d—珠溪桥剖面；e—珠溪河南岸剖面；1—高密度电法测线；2—钻孔及编号；3—全新世活动断层；4—晚更新世活动断层，5—早-中更新世活动断层；6—前第四纪活动断层；7—正断层；8—走滑断层；9—隐伏断层
Figure 2. Distribution of the high-density electrical detecting profiles and drill holes along the eastern Maniao-Puqian faul
a-ShanWei Village profile; b-Liangkeng Village profile; c-Gangtou Village profile; d-Zhuxi Bridge profile; e-South side of Zhuxi River profile; 1-High density electrical detecting line; 2-Drill hole and serial numbers; 3-Holocene Active Fault; 4-Late Pleistocene active fault; 5-Early to middle Pleistocene active faults; 6-Pre-Quaternary active fault; 7-Normal fault; 8-Strike-slip fault; 9-Hidden fault
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图 3 马袅铺前断裂东段遥感解译图（数据源：TM与ETM+遥感数据合成影像）
Figure 3. Remote sensing image interpretation of the eastern segment of the Maniao-Puqian fault (data source: merge images of TM and ETM+)
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图 4 马袅—铺前断裂所形成的地表陡坎
a—铺前东南倾断层陡坎；b—铺前南倾断层陡坎；c—珠溪桥北倾断层陡坎；d—罗豆农场北北东东向断裂形成的断层陡坎
Figure 4. Surface scarps along the Maniao-Puqian fault
a-South dipping fault scarp at eastern Puqian Town; b-South dipping fault scarp at Puqian Town; c-North dipping fault scarp at Zhuxi Bridge; d-North-east direction dipping fault scarp at northern Luodou Farm
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图 5 马袅—铺前断裂东段高密断电法层析反演图像
a—山尾村剖面；b—良坑山剖面；c—港头村剖面；d—珠溪桥剖面；e—珠溪河南岸剖面
Figure 5. Tomography of high density electrical resistivity along the eastern segment of the Maniao-Puqian fault
a-Shanwei village profile; b- Liangkeng Village profile; c-Gangtou Village profile; d- Zhuxi bridge; e-South side of Zhuxi River
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图 6 马袅—铺前断裂东段钻探联孔剖面图
a—山尾村钻孔剖面；b—良坑山钻孔剖面；c—港头村钻孔剖面；d—珠溪桥钻孔剖面；e—珠溪河南岸联孔剖面。1—全新统黄褐色粉细砂（Qh2q）；2-全新统青灰色淤泥质黏土（Qh2q）；3—下更新统秀英组杂色黏土（Qp1x2）；4—下更新统秀英组砾质砂（Qp1x1）；5-上新统海口组褐色黏土（N2h1-3）；6—上新统海口组砾岩（N2h1-1）；7—中三叠系花岗岩（T2ηγ）；8-志留系空列村组变质岩（S1k）；9—新生断裂；10—前第四纪断裂；11—OSL样品；5±0.4：测年结果/ka B.P.；12—14C样品：6±0.03：测年结果/ka B.P.；13—钻孔孔号
Figure 6. Geological sections of united drilling across the eastern segment of the Maniao-Puqian fault
a-Shanwei Village profile; b- Liangkeng Village profile; c-Gangtou Village profile; d- Zhuxi bridge profile; e-South side of Zhuxi River profile. 1- Holocene silty sand(Qh2q); 2- Holocene cinerous clay(Qh2q); 3- Lower Pleistocene Xiuying Formation variegated clay(Qp1x2);4- Lower Pleistocene Xiuying Formation sandy gravel(Qp1x1);5-Pliocene Haikou Formation brown clay(N2h1-3);6-Pliocene Haikou Formation sandy gravel (N2h1- 1);7- Middle Triassic granite(T2ηγ); 8- Silurian Tuolie Formation gneiss(S1k); 9- Newly- generated faults; 10- Pre- Quaternary fault; 11-Thermoluminescenece samples; 5±0.4:dating result /ka B.P.; 12-14C sample; / dating result ka B.P.; 13-Drilling number
表 1 马袅—铺前断裂东段钻孔揭示标志层断距
Table 1 Vertical offsets of stratigraphic markers revealed by drillings across the eastern segment of the Maniao－Puqian Fault
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 马袅铺前断裂东段断裂活动性质及时代
Table 3 Activity character and ages of the eastern segment of Maniao－Puqian fault
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 马袅—铺前断裂带东段全新世滑动速率
Table 4 Slip rate of the eastern segment of Maniao－Puqian fault during Holocene
下载: 导出CSV
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