Property and source of the ore–forming fluids and genesis of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit in the eastern Yanbian area, Jilin Province
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摘要:研究目的
四道沟钨矿床位于延边东部Au–Cu–W矿集区，是具代表性的石英脉型白钨矿矿床。本文通过该矿床的成矿流体性质、来源及矿床成因研究，以提升东北地区石英脉型白钨矿矿床的成矿理论认识，并为该类型白钨矿进一步找矿提供理论支撑。
研究方法本文开展了主成矿阶段含白钨矿–石英脉流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析，并配合C–H–O同位素和白钨矿稀土元素分析。
研究结果流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温相关研究结果显示，主成矿阶段石英中同时分布有富气相、富液相、含石盐子矿物三相以及含CO2三相等类型原生水溶液包裹体，这些不同类型流体包裹体的均一温度大体一致，应属于沸腾流体包裹体。富气端元流体包裹体的最低均一温度为283℃，基本代表了成矿温度。激光拉曼光谱分析结果显示，成矿流体中气相成分以H2O和CO2为主，还有少量N2和CH4。四道沟白钨矿呈现出“驼峰式”的稀土元素配分型式以及弱的负δEu异常。
结论四道沟钨矿床的成矿流体为氧化性的、高中温的NaCl–H2O–CO2±CH4±N2的流体。C–H–O同位素分析结果表明，成矿流体主要为岩浆水，还有少量大气降水的加入，而流体中的碳主要来源于五道沟群变质沉积岩系的有机物氧化作用。四道沟钨矿床为中温岩浆热液型钨矿床，流体沸腾作用是白钨矿大规模沉淀的主要机制。
创新点:采用白钨矿流体包裹体与稀土元素相关分析，确定成矿流体性质和成矿机制。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveSidaogou deposit is located in the Au–Cu–W ore concentrated area of the eastern Yanbian, and is a typical quartz vein type scheelite deposit. This paper studied the property and source of the ore–forming fluids and genesis of the deposit, to promote the understanding of the quartz vein type scheelite deposit in NE China and further prospecting.
MethodsThis paper presents the petrographic observation, microtemperature measurement and Laser Roman spectral analysis of the fluid inclusion, C–H–O isotope analysis and rare earth element compositions for the Sidaogou scheelite–quartz veins.
ResultsPetrographic observation indicates that the liquid–rich, daughter minerals–bearing, gas–rich, and CO2–bearing inclusions coexisted in the quartz, and all the types of fluid inclusions have similar homogenization temperatures, which indicate that they belong to boiling fluid inclusions. The lowest homogenization temperature of the gas–rich fluid inclusion (283℃) represents the ore−forming temperature. Laser Raman spectral analysis indicates that the gas phases in the fluid inclusions include H2O and CO2, as well as minor CH4 and N2. Scheelite grains yield “hump” type REE patterns with weak negative δEu anomalies.
ConclusionsThe results indicate that the ore–forming fluids of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit are oxidizing NaCl–H2O–CO2±CH4±N2 fluids with high–medium temperature. C–H–O isotopic data indicate that the ore–forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic water, mixed with a little bit of meteoric water, and the carbonaceous material resulted from oxidation of organic material in the sedimentary rocks from the Wudaogou Group. Therefore, Sidaogou scheelite deposit belongs to mesothermal vein type scheelite deposit, and the fluid boiling induced the precipitation of scheelite.
Highlights:The fluid inclusions and rare earth element compositions of scheelite were analyzed to determine the nature of ore–forming fluids and metallogenetic mechanism.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
湘中坳陷作为南方复杂构造区页岩气勘探的热点地区之一，也是中国油气勘探久攻未克的地区。前期在湘中地区北部的涟源凹陷泥盆系和石炭系获得了页岩气突破和发现，证实了湘中地区上古生界页岩气资源丰富。但对湘中地区南部的邵阳凹陷调查程度较为薄弱，针对邵阳凹陷二叠系仅开展了少量基础地质调查工作，页岩气资源潜力评价方面的工作尤为欠缺。本次研究依托邵阳湘邵地1井（XSD1井）钻探工程建立了邵阳凹陷二叠系地层层序序列，揭示了主要含气页岩层系的分布特征，获取了含气性评价参数，对湘中地区二叠系页岩气勘探开发和重新评价湘中坳陷页岩气资源潜力具有重要的现实意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心在收集分析区域地质相关资料的基础上，结合邵阳凹陷短陂桥向斜的煤田浅钻、非震物探等资料开展页岩气地质综合评价，采用页岩埋深500~4500 m，页岩有机碳含量≥1.0%，页岩厚度≥15 m，页岩有机质热演化程度1.0%~3.5%的评价参数在短陂桥向斜区优选页岩气远景区，论证部署了1口小口径页岩气地质调查井—XSD1井，湖南煤田地质勘查有限公司组织实施钻探（图 1a）。该井采样全井段取心钻井工艺，测井选取PSJ-2数字测井系统，录井采用SK-2000G气测录井，钻获二叠系大隆组156.05 m（暗色硅质页岩、钙质泥岩94.48 m），龙潭组349.95 m（暗色泥岩216.93 m，粉砂质泥岩36.9 m），对这两套层系共采集暗色泥岩样品33件，进行解析气含量测定分析，落实了含气性评价参数。
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图 1 湘邵地1井构造位置图（a）、主要含气层段岩性和含气性参数柱状图（b）、以及富集模式图（c）Figure 1. Structural location of Xiangshaodi 1 well (a), lithology and gas-bearing parameters of main gas bearing zones (b), and enrichment mode (c)3. 结果（Results）
本次样品分析工作由武汉地质调查中心古生物与生命-环境协同演化重点实验室完成，采用YSQ-IIIA岩石解析气测定仪（燃烧法）对含气段岩心共计33件样品进行分析。该井钻获二叠系大隆组厚度156.05 m，为一套硅质岩、硅质页岩、炭质钙质泥岩地层。其中在井深842~930.2 m硅质页岩、钙质泥岩段，气测全烃值从1.06%上升至16.54%，甲烷值从1.01%上升至14.04%，13件大隆组硅质页岩现场解析总含气量为1.29~9.97 m3/t，平均4.85 m3/t。实现了湘中坳陷二叠系页岩气新发现，有效拓展了华南地区大隆组勘探范围。
钻获龙潭组厚度349.95 m，上段为一套细砂岩、粉砂岩夹泥岩潮坪相沉积地层，下段为一套炭质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹薄层细砂岩泻湖相沉积地层。在井深1013.4~1048 m泥岩与粉砂岩互层段气测全烃值最高可达19.87%，甲烷值最高为16.94%，7件泥岩与粉砂岩样品现场解析总含气量0.57~3.42 m3/t，平均1.78 m3/t；井深1088.10~1199.75 m泥岩夹泥质粉砂岩含气层111.6 m，气测全烃值最高可达28.2%，甲烷值最高为23.6%，13件泥岩、粉砂质泥岩样品现场解析总含气量0.90~4.55 m3/t，平均2.01 m3/t（图 1b），首次查明了湘中坳陷二叠系龙潭组非常规油气分布特点。
通过区域地质背景分析，并结合煤田区域地质资料，本研究认为滑脱断裂（F9）上下盘具有不同的页岩气聚集条件。滑脱断裂之上由一系列的同向逆断层形成的逆冲推覆体，地层变形强烈，且裂缝发育，导致页岩气保存条件变差。滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，地层平缓，不发育次级通天断裂，与下盘地层形成反向遮挡，易形成封闭，保存条件良好（图 1c）。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）二叠系大隆组岩性以硅质岩、硅质页岩为主，夹少量灰岩。主要含气段存在于上段硅质页岩段，厚88.2 m，含气量平均为4.85 m3/t，含气性优越，资源潜力大。
（2）二叠系龙潭组上段以致密砂岩气为主，含气量平均为1.78 m3/t；下段以页岩气为主，泥岩厚达177.47 m，含气量平均为2.01 m3/t，具有泥岩厚度大，含气性好等特征。
（3）保存条件是页岩气富集关键，构造改造弱的封闭演化环境有利于页岩气保存，研究区滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，易形成封闭，保存条件良好。
（4）湘邵地1井在二叠系大隆组和龙潭组获得良好的页岩气显示，证实了湘中地区二叠系具有良好的页岩气资源潜力，对湘中地区页岩气资源潜力评价具有重要意义。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目“中扬子地区油气页岩气调查评价”（DD20221659）资助的成果。
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图 1 东北地区构造划分及延边东部地区构造位置（据Wu et al., 2011修改）
F1—牡丹江断裂；F2—敦化—密山断裂；F3—伊通—依兰断裂；F4—赤峰—开原—海龙—富尔河—龙井县白金断裂；F5—西拉木伦—长春—汪清—珲春缝合带；F6—贺根山—黑河断裂；F7—塔源—喜桂图断裂
Figure 1. Tectonic division of the NE China and tectonic location of the eastern Yanbian area (modified from Wu et al., 2011)
F1–Mudanjiang fault; F2–Dunhua–Mishan fault; F3–Yitong–Yilan fault; F4–Chifeng–Kaiyuan–Hailong–Fuerhe–Baijin fault; F5–Xar Moron River–Changchun–Wangqing–Hunchun suture zone; F6–Hegenshan–Heihe fault; F7–Tayuan–Xiguitu fault
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图 2 延边东部Au–Cu–W矿集区地质图
Figure 2. Geological map of the Au–Cu–W ore concentrated area of the eastern Yanbian
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图 4 四道沟白钨矿矿石手标本照片（a）及显微镜下照片（b、c、d）
a—含团块状白钨矿石英脉矿石；b—单偏光镜下石英脉矿石内的白钨矿半自形集合体；c、d—含矿石英闪长岩体发育的磁黄铁矿化；Qtz—石英；Sch—白钨矿；Po—磁黄铁矿
Figure 4. Photographs (a) and micrographs (b, c, d) of the Sidaogou scheelite ores
a–Massive scheelit–quartz vein ores; b–Scheelite aggregates in the quartz vein under a plane polarizedlight; c, d–Pyrrhotite mineralization within the ore-hosting quartz diorite; Qtz–Quartz; Sch–Scheelite; Po–Pyrrhotite
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图 5 四道沟钨矿床流体包裹体显微照片
a—石英中含有富气相及含CO2三相包裹体；b—石英中富液相、含石盐子矿物三相包裹体及含CO2三相包裹体共生；c—石英中富液相、含CO2三相包裹体及富气相包裹体共生；d—白钨矿内富液相包裹体
Figure 5. Micrographs of the fluid inclusions in the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
a–Gas–rich fluid inclusions and CO2–bearing three–phase fluid inclusions within the quartz; b–Liquid–rich fluid inclusions and daughter minerals–bearing three–phase fluid inclusions within the quartz; c–Liquid–rich fluid inclusions, CO2–bearing three–phase fluid inclusions, and gas–rich fluid inclusions within the quartz; d–Liquid–rich fluid inclusions within the scheelite grains
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图 6 四道沟钨矿流体包裹体均一温度（a）、盐度直方图（b）
Figure 6. Histograms of homogenization temperatures (a) and salinity (b) of the fluid inclusions in the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
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图 7 四道沟钨矿床流体包裹体气相成分激光拉曼光谱分析结果
a、b、d—富液相流体包裹体；c—富气相流体包裹体
Figure 7. Spectra of laser Raman microspectroscopic analysis on the gas phase within the single fluid inclusions of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
a, b, d–Gas–liquid two–phase fluid inclusions; c–Gas–rich fluid inclusions
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图 8 四道沟钨矿床δ18OH2O–δDV−SMOW（a，底图据Taylor, 1974）与δ18OSMOW–δ13CPDB图解（b，据Ray et al., 1999；Hoefs, 2009）
Figure 8. Diagrams of δ18OH2O–δDV−SMOW (a, after Taylor, 1974) and δ18OSMOW–δ13CPDB (b, after Ray et al., 1999; Hoefs, 2009)
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图 9 四道沟钨矿床白钨矿球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线（标准化数据值据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 9. Chondrite–normalized REE patterns of the scheelite in the Sidaogou deposit (normalization values after Sun and McDonough, 1989)
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图 10 四道沟钨矿床流体包裹体温度−盐度图
Figure 10. Diagram of homogenization temperatures versus salinity of the fluid inclusions in the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
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图 11 延边东部四道沟白钨矿矿床成矿模式图
Figure 11. Sketch map showing the formation of the Sidaogou scheelite deposits in the eastern Yanbian area
表 1 四道沟钨矿样品特征
Table 1 Characteristics of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品类型 成矿阶段 采样位置 测试手段 测试对象 样品数量 样品特征 石英−粗粒
白钨矿矿石早期石英−粗粒
白钨矿阶段5号钨矿体
地表探槽流体包裹体岩相学及显微测温 石英和白钨矿 2件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 激光拉曼光谱分析 石英 2件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 C–H–O同位素 白钨矿 3件 粗粒、团块状白钨矿 石英 5件 含粗粒团块状白钨矿的石英脉 ICP–MS稀土元素 白钨矿 3件 粗粒、团块状白钨矿 
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表 2 四道沟钨矿床石英和白钨矿中流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 2 Microthermometric results of fluid inclusions within the quartz and scheelite of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品号 成矿
阶段测试
矿物包裹体类型
（测试数量）冰点温度/
℃子晶溶解
温度/℃气泡消失
温度/℃CO2初熔
温度/℃CO2笼合物
熔化温度/℃CO2部分
均一温度/℃完全均一
温度/℃最终均
一方式s−2 石英−
粗粒
白钨矿
阶段石英 富液相（40） −5.7~−0.8 138~357 液相 s-3 石英 富液相（86） −10.0~−0.8 194~361 液相 富气相（6） −13.0~−4 283~435 气相 含子矿物三相（7） 280~423 273~362 294~423 液相，
子晶最终
融化为主含CO2三相（5） −69.8~−59.4 8~10 17~29 202~329 液相 白钨矿 富液相（5） −3.3~−2.5 160~278 液相 富气相（1） −4 284 气相
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表 3 四道沟钨矿床C–H–O同位素分析结果
Table 3 C–H–O isotopic data of the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
编号 样品类型 δ13CV-PDB/‰ δDV-SMOW/‰ δ18OV-SMOW/‰ δ18OH2O/‰ S-1 白钨矿 −20.7 −83.2 6.2 −4.26 S-2 白钨矿 −22.1 −71.0 6.3 −4.16 S-3 白钨矿 −21.0 −73.3 5.0 −5.46 S-4 石英脉 −17.9 −71.5 10.8 0.34 S-5 石英脉 −17.3 −62.5 12.1 1.64 S-6 石英脉 −15.6 −66.9 13.1 2.64 S-7 石英脉 −16.8 −59.7 10.5 0.04 S-8 石英脉 −16.4 −58.7 11.7 1.24
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表 4 四道沟钨矿床白钨矿稀土元素组成（10−6）
Table 4 Rare earth element compositions (10−6) of scheelite grains in the Sidaogou scheelite deposit
样品 SDG-1 SDG-2 SDG-3 La 1.79 1.78 1.76 Ce 7.94 7.96 7.58 Pr 1.69 1.68 1.76 Nd 12 12.1 11.8 Sm 7.28 7.35 7.52 Eu 2.78 2.82 2.92 Gd 16 16 16.1 Tb 3.7 3.78 3.84 Dy 32.1 32.8 32.8 Ho 7.54 7.74 7.72 Er 19.4 19.9 20 Tm 2.4 2.46 2.37 Yb 9.91 10.1 9.74 Lu 1.09 1.1 1.06 Y 214 214 210 ΣREE 125.62 127.57 126.97 LREE 33.48 33.69 33.34 HREE 92.14 93.88 93.63 LREE/HREE 0.36 0.36 0.36 (La/Yb)N 0.12 0.12 0.12 δEu 0.76 0.77 0.79 δCe 0.96 0.97 0.9
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表 5 延边东部Au–Cu–W矿集区钨矿床地质特征对比
Table 5 Comparison of the geological characteristics in the scheelite deposits of the Au–Cu–W ore concentrated area of the eastern Yanbian
矿床名称 四道沟钨矿床 五道沟钨矿床 杨金沟钨矿床 赋矿地层 五道沟群杨金沟组 成矿相关岩体 晚二叠世石英闪长岩（I型） 中二叠世花岗闪长岩（I型） 晚二叠世英云闪长岩（I型） 控矿构造 NW向和NNE向断裂构造 岩体和围岩中的NW向断裂构造 NW、NWW向断裂或五道沟群中、上段的层间破碎带 矿体特征 沿石英闪长岩与五道沟群变质岩系接触带附近NW向和NNE向断裂呈石英细脉带状，矿体少，厚度小、品位高 沿花岗闪长岩体中的NW向断裂呈单脉状，矿体数量少，单脉厚度大、品位高 呈细脉、网脉状沿五道沟群中、上段的NW、NWW向断裂或层间破碎带分布，矿体数量多、厚度小、品位相对较低 金属矿物 白钨矿为主，少量磁黄铁矿 白钨矿为主，少量黄铁矿、辉钼矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿 以白钨矿为主，少量毒砂、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等，偶见辉钼矿、铁闪锌矿 围岩蚀变 硅化、碳酸盐化、绢云母化、绿泥石化 硅化、钠长石化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、黑云母化和白云母化 硅化、钠长石化、黑云母化、白云母化及碳酸盐化 矿床成因 热液脉型矿床 资料来源 本文 陈聪等, 2015 任云生等, 2010
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