Geochronology and geochemistry of Luodian acidic dykes in the Southern Guizhou Province and its response to magmatism of igneous province
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摘要:
黔南罗甸地区位于峨眉山大火成岩省分布区外带，区内出露众多与峨眉山玄武岩同期的辉绿岩墙。酸性岩脉为石英二长斑岩，侵入于辉绿岩中，对该岩脉的研究有助于丰富峨眉山大火成岩省岩石组合规律及岩浆活动的认识。本文对罗甸酸性岩脉进行了岩石学、SIMS年代学和地球化学研究。岩石主量元素平均含量SiO2 66.83%，CaO 1.76%，Al2O3 14.74%，MgO 0.76%，TFe2O3 4.49%，K2O 3.67%，Na2O 5.24%，A/CNK平均为0.93，显示高硅富碱、准铝质的特征。（La/Yb）N=7.71~10.60，轻重稀土元素分馏强烈，稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈右倾型，具有OIB特征。δEu值平均为0.91，富集Rb、Ba、Th、K、Nd等元素，强烈亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素。石英二长斑岩（87Sr/86Sr）i和εNd（t）值分别为0.704247~0.705292、1.08~1.54，与辉绿岩相似。研究表明，石英二长斑岩是由地幔柱部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆经历分离结晶的产物，并混染了少量上地壳物质。锆石SIMS U-Pb年代学研究显示石英二长斑岩年龄为（259±2）Ma，与峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆作用时间一致。样品中存在大量继承锆石，可能为扬子地块不同阶段构造活动的响应。
Abstract:Luodian, located in the southern Guizhou Province, belongs to the outer zone of Emeishan Large Igneous Province. Numerous diabase of the same period as the Emeishan Large Igneous Province are exposed in the area. The acidic dykes are quartz monzonite porphyry, and invade into diabase. The study of acidic dykes is conducive to enriching the understanding of the law of lithology combination and magmatism in Emeishan Large Igneous Province. Petrology, SIMS chronological and geochemical studies of the acidic rock in Luodian were performed. Average content of major oxides are SiO2 66.83%, Cao 1.76%, Al2O3 14.74%, MgO 0.76%, TFe2O3 4.49%, K2O 3.67%, Na2O 5.24%, and average value of A/CNK is 0.93, displaying the features of high silicon, rich alkali and quasi-aluminous. (La/Yb)N ratios of 7.71 to 10.60 displays apparent differentiation between LREE and HREE with an average δEu of 0.91. The chondrite-normalized curve of REE is right inclined, showing ocean island basalts (OIB) signature. The dykes are enriched in elements such as Rb, Ba, Th, K and Nd, and depleted in elements such as Nb, Ta, P and Ti. The values of (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.704247-0.705292) and εNd(t)(1.08-1.54) are similar to those of diabase. It is suggested that the acidic rock is originated from fractional crystallization of basaltic magma produced by partial melting of mantle plume, and contaminated with a small amount of upper crust material. The acidic rock was dated at (259±2) Ma by SIMS, which is consistent with the magmatism age of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province. The large number of inherited zircons in the samples were found, might be the response to tectonic activity at different stages in the Yangtze block.
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1. 引言
大火成岩省是指在短时间内巨量喷发溢流玄武岩及伴生的侵入岩所构成的岩浆建造（Ernst et al., 2005）。位于扬子地块西部的峨眉山大火成岩省（Emeishan Large Igneous Province, ELIP）被认为是深部地幔柱岩浆活动的产物（Chung et al., 1998；Xu et al., 2001；Zhou et al., 2002；Ali et al., 2002, 2005；He et al., 2003；Zhang et al., 2006；Song et al., 2008）。ELIP除大规模的溢流玄武岩外，还伴生基性-超基性岩体和少量中酸性岩体。对于ELIP中溢流玄武岩以及基性-超基性岩体的研究，前人取得了丰硕的成果（张招崇等, 2001, 2005；Xu et al., 2001；Ali et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2002, 2005；Xiao et al., 2003；；He et al., 2010; 李宏博等, 2010, 2015；Zhong et al., 2011；徐义刚等，2013）。大火成岩省通常伴随有中酸性岩类出露，与基性岩类呈现出双峰式的岩石组合特征（Bryan et al., 2008），甚至存在主要由中酸性火成岩组成的大火成岩省（Bryan et al., 2000, 2010）。在ELIP分布范围内，对中酸性岩体的研究主要集中于内带喷发中心区域（罗震宇等，2006；邵辉等，2007；Shellnutt et al., 2007, 2010；Xu et al., 2008；Zhou et al., 2008；骆文娟等，2011；李宏博等，2015）。而随着对ELIP中酸性岩体的研究的深入，对中酸性岩体的成因机制方面的认识主要有：镁铁质岩浆结晶分异作用、地壳熔融或幔源岩浆与地壳相互作用、同化与分异结晶作用（Zhong et al., 2007, 2011；章清文等，2015）等。在贵州境内，峨眉山玄武岩主要分布于西部地区，在南部则以次火山岩相辉绿岩墙的形式出露（贵州省地质矿产局，1987），形成时代为263 ~ 255 Ma（韩伟等，2009；曾广乾等，2014；张晓静等，2014；祝明金等，2018），与ELIP喷发时间（259.1 ~ 259.2 Ma, Zhong et al., 2014）一致。罗甸地区位于ELIP分布区外带，此次研究的对象石英二长斑岩侵入于辉绿岩之中，目前对于该岩脉的研究还较有限。因此，本文对黔南罗甸中酸性岩开展了岩石学、SIMS年代学及地球化学方面的研究，确定该岩脉的年龄，探讨其成因以及与ELIP之间的联系。
2. 地质背景
研究区位于峨眉山玄武岩分布的外带，地处扬子地块西南缘与右江褶皱带交界地带（图 1a）。区内发育北西向紫云—罗甸—南丹断裂和北东向桑郎—罗甸断裂，两条断裂带在罗甸一带交汇。紫云—罗甸—南丹断裂带由上扬子地块南部北西向的裂陷槽演化而来，该裂陷槽盆自早泥盆世开始进入强烈的构造活动，中泥盆世受到拉伸减薄作用，至二叠世形成了北西向展布的槽盆，控制了泥盆纪至二叠纪的沉积环境、构造形态及两侧台地的岩相分界，为岩浆的侵位活动提供了有利条件（王尚彦等, 2005, 2006）。研究区和邻区出露众多的辉绿岩墙，在空间上构成了一定规模的岩墙群，反映了伸展拉张的构造背景（韩伟, 2010）。区内发育有较多的北西、北东向断层，各类断层、褶皱叠加明显，构造形态复杂。区内出露泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系、三叠系（图 1b），其岩性特征详见表 1。采样区域的火成岩种类有限，大部分为侵入于二叠系茅口组和栖霞组地层间的辉绿岩，其次为侵入辉绿岩内的石英二长斑岩脉。
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图 1 研究区大地构造位置图及地质简图（a据郝家栩等，2014；b据广西壮族自治区地质局, 1972修改）1—东岗岭阶纳标段；2—东岗岭阶罗富段；3—上泥盆统；4—石炭系岩关组；5—石炭系大塘阶；6—中石炭统；7—上石炭统；8—二叠系栖霞组；9—二叠系茅口组；10—上二叠统；11—下三叠统；12—板纳组下段；13—板纳组中段；14—板纳组上段；15—辉绿岩脉；16—断层Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map showing the location and geological map of the research area(a, after Hao Jiaxu et al., 2014; b, modified from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Geology Bureau, 1972) 1-Nabiao Member of Donggangling Stage; 2-Luofu Member of Donggangling Stage; 3-Upper Devonian; 4-Yanguan Formation of Carboniferous; 5-Datang Formation of Carboniferous; 6-Middle Carboniferous; 7-Upper Carboniferous; 8-Qixia Formation of Permian; 9-Maokou Formation of Permian; 10-Upper Permian; 11-Lower Triassic; 12-Lower Member of Banna Formation; 13-Middle Member of Banna Formation; 14-Upper Member of Banna Formation; 15-Diabase dykes; 16-Fault表 1 研究区出露地层岩性特征Table 1. Lithology of outcropped strata in the research area
3. 岩脉出露概况和样品特征
罗悃采样点位于罗甸县罗悃镇以南1 km，地理坐标为25°18′50″N，106°36′13″E。该点出露的石英二长斑岩脉宽50 cm，产状近于直立（图 2a），岩石中可见大量针状长石颗粒，长石颗粒大小多集中在0.5 mm，偶见矿物颗粒大于1 mm。石英二长斑岩侵入于风化较严重的辉绿岩中，可见辉绿岩被包裹在石英二长斑岩内部（图 2b）。
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图 2 罗甸酸性岩脉露头a—罗悃石英二长斑岩露头；b—辉绿岩被包裹在石英二长斑岩内；c、d—峨劳石英二长斑岩露头；e—罗暮石英二长斑岩露头Figure 2. Outcrop of acidic dyke in Luodiana-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Luokun; b-Diabase is enclosed in quartz monzonite porphyry; c, d-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Elao; e-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Luomu峨劳采样点位于罗甸县峨劳村以东约1 km处，地理坐标为25°12′14″N，106°40′14″E。该点上覆地层为灰岩，在地貌上表现为悬崖，底部为辉绿岩岩墙，两者之间的地层界限明显。辉绿岩风化严重，可见球状风化辉绿岩。石英二长斑岩脉穿插于辉绿岩岩墙中，宽度大小不一，较大者宽约2 m，较小者宽10~20 cm（图 2c~d）。
罗暮采样点位于位于罗甸县罗暮乡玉石场，地理坐标为25°12'35″N，106°31'11″E。该点出露的辉绿岩风化严重，几乎风化成土状，部分辉绿岩风化成球状，球形中辉绿岩较为新鲜。可见少量穿插侵入的石英二长斑岩，侵入方向杂乱（图 2e）。
采集的岩石均无明显蚀变，为块状构造，在显微镜下呈斑状结构，斑晶主要为斜长石、钾长石和石英，基质主要为斜长石、石英、黑云母和副矿物（图 3）。斜长石呈板状、长条状，发育聚片双晶，具弱钠黝帘石化，蚀变后表面混浊，粒径0.2~2 mm，含量45%~55%。钾长石长条状或粒状，发育卡式双晶，粒径0.2~1 mm，含量15%~20%。石英呈他形，粒径0.1~0.2 mm，含量10%~15%。黑云母呈残片状分布于斜长石和钾长石之间，含量约5%。角闪石含量很少（< 3%）。观察到少量不透明副矿物，矿物成分为磁铁矿，含量约2%。
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图 3 石英二长斑岩正交偏光显微照片LK—罗悃样品；EL—峨劳样品；LM—罗暮样品Figure 3. Microphotographs of the quartz monzonite porphyry (crossed nicols)LK-Samples of Luokun; EL-Samples of Elao; LM-Samples of Luomu4. 分析测试方法
样品全岩主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素分析在广州澳实分析检测有限公司完成，主量元素采用熔片X-射线荧光光谱法（P61-XRF26S）测定，并通过等离子光谱与化学法测定进行互相检测，稀土、微量元素元素采用熔片和酸溶等离子质谱法（M61-MS81）测定。
锆石U-Th-Pb同位素分析在中核集团核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究所的Cameca SIMS 1280 HR型二次离子质谱仪上进行。U、Th、Pb同位素比值用标准锆石Plešovice校正获得（Sláma et al., 2008）。U、Th浓度用标准锆石91500校正获得，实验流程和数据处理详见（Li et al., 2009）。普通Pb校正采用实测204Pb值。由于测得的普通Pb含量非常低，假定普通Pb主要来源于制样过程中带入的表面Pb污染，因此用现代地壳的平均Pb同位素组成作为普通Pb组成进行校正（Stacey et al., 1975）。单点分析的同位素比值及年龄误差均为1σ。数据处理采用Isoplot软件（Ludwig, 2003）。
Sr-Nd同位素测试在贵州同微科技有限公司超净实验室内完成，Sr、Nd同位素比值的质量分馏校正分别基于86Sr/88Sr=0.1194和143Nd/144Nd =0.7219。Sr同位素测试使用VG Sector 54 TIMS仪器进行，测定Sr同位素标样NBS987的87Sr/86Sr值为0.710222 ± 20（2σ）；Nd同位素比值测定在Nu Plasma HR MC-ICP-MS仪器上完成，测定Nd同位素标样Ames的143Nd/144Nd值为0.511966 ± 16（2σ）。
5. 分析结果
5.1 主量元素特征
主量元素结果见表 2。样品SiO2含量为63.94% ~70.53%（平均为66.83%）；K2O含量为1.99% ~ 5.34%（平均为3.67%）；Na2O含量为4.35%~5.89%（平均为5.24%）；(Na2O +K2O)为7.58% ~10.39%，Na2O /K2O为0.95~2.96，显示其富碱的特征；Al2O3含量为12.88%~15.98%（平均为14.74%）。数据处理时，去除烧失量，对各主量元素归一化至100%后重新计算。里特曼指数σ值介于2.07~4.61（平均为3.37）；铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.86~0.97（平均为0.93），分异指数（DI）为82.27~88.42。在(Na2O + K2O)-SiO2分类图中，来自罗悃和峨劳的样品落入石英二长岩区域内，而来自罗暮的样品落入花岗闪长岩和花岗岩交界区域（图 4）；在A/NK-A/CNK图解中所有样品均落入准铝质区域（图 5a）；在SiO2-K2O分类图上，除1个罗暮样品属钙碱性岩石，多数样品落在高钾钙碱性范围内（图 5b），而来自罗悃的样本数据均落入钾玄岩系列范围内，显示该岩脉富钾的特征。
表 2 主量元素(%)、微量及稀土元素(10-6)分析结果Table 2. Analytical results major elements (%), trace elements and REEs (10-6)
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图 4 (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2图（据Middlemost, 1994）Figure 4. (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2 diagram (after Middlemost, 1994)![]()
Figure 5. A/NK-A/CNK diagram (a, after Maniar et al., 1989) and K2O-SiO2 diagram (b, after Peccerillo et al., 1976; Middlemost, 1985)5.2 稀土及微量元素特征
稀土与微量元素结果见表 2。样品ΣREE为331.32×10-6~452.58×10-6，稀土含量总体较高；LREE/HREE=8.03~9.59，（La/Yb）N=7.71~10.60，轻重稀土分馏强烈，δEu值为0.77~1.05（平均为0.91），表现出弱的Eu负异常。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（图 6a）中，样品呈现出右倾型分配曲线，与OIB相似。在原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（图 6b）中，明显富集Rb、Ba、Th、K、Nd等元素，强烈亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素。
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图 6 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（a）及原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（b）（OIB和标准化数值据Sun et al., 1989）Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle normalized spider diagram of trace elements (b)(OIB and normalizing values after Sun et al., 1989)5.3 锆石SIMS U-Pb定年结果
每个采样点分别选取20颗锆石进行SIMS UPb同位素年龄测试。在筛选和处理分析结果的过程中，按一定规则舍去部分不适用的数据，具体规则如下：分析区域混入了包体或其他杂质的点；单点年龄分析偏差较大的点；206Pb/204Pb < 1000的点（Heaman et al., 1993; Wingate et al., 2000; Li et al., 2010）。
锆石SIMS U-Pb定年结果见表图 7和表 3。样品中的锆石晶形较完整，为柱状、粒状的自形—半自形锆石，短轴长度为50~100 μm，长轴长度约50~ 150 μm。LM样品中的锆石磨圆度差，为棱角状，CL图像普遍较暗，缺失岩浆振荡环带结构，暗示石英二长斑岩原始岩浆的成分均一，经历了比较快速的侵位过程；EL样品中的锆石磨圆度较好，CL图像显示多数锆石核部具有清晰的振荡环带结构，边部则有亮白色的增生边存在；LK样品中的锆石CL图像显示其外形为次棱角状，具有清晰的岩浆振荡环带结构。年龄>1000Ma的锆石使用207Pb/206Pb年龄， < 1000 Ma的锆石使用206Pb/238U年龄。LK样品中锆石年龄较为分散，除LK-13和LK-5测点207Pb/206Pb年龄为2522 Ma、1142 Ma，其余锆石206Pb/238U年龄为965~434 Ma；EL样品中锆石较为古老，207Pb/206Pb年龄为2688~2180 Ma，CL图像显示锆石具有增生边结构，推测为继承性来源，可能反映了早期锆石结晶的记录。而LM样品中锆石年龄则较为集中，206Pb/238U年龄为269~252 Ma。
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图 7 锆石阴极发光图像LK—罗悃样品；EL—峨劳样品；LM—罗暮样品Figure 7. CL images of zirconsLK-Samples of Luokun; EL-Samples of Elao; LM-Samples of Luomu表 3 锆石SIMS U-Pb测年结果Table 3. Zircon SIMS U-Pb dating results
5.4 Sr-Nd同位素测试结果
石英二长斑岩的Sr-Nd同位素分析结果列于表 4。(87Sr/86Sr)i值和εNd(t)值根据锆石U-Pb年龄259 Ma进行计算。样品的87Sr/86Sr值介于0.705653~0.707357，(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.704247~ 0.705292，143Nd/144Nd值分布于0.512549~0.512575，εNd(t)值介于1.08~1.54，Nd同位素一阶段与二阶段模式年龄分别为TDM1=854~905 Ma、TDM2=919~960 Ma。样品Sr-Nd同位素位于峨眉山高钛玄武岩和OIB范围内，明显偏离亏损地幔，并向EM Ⅱ偏移（图 8），可能暗示了岩石母岩浆来自于与上地壳组分有关的富集地幔。
表 4 Sr-Nd同位素数据Table 4. Sr-Nd isotopic data
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图 8 εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i图解（底图据Condie, 2001；同期辉绿岩数据来自祝明金等，2018；DM数据来自Zindler et al., 1986；OIB数据来自Sun et al., 1989；EMⅠ、EMⅡ数据来自Hart et al., 1992；峨眉山高钛玄武岩数据来自Xu et al., 2001；Xiao et al., 2004）Figure 8. Plot of εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i6. 讨论
6.1 年代学特征
以往报道的研究区及邻区辉绿岩年龄在263~ 255 Ma（韩伟等，2009；曾广乾等，2014；张晓静等，2014；祝明金等，2018），与ELIP喷发时间（259.1~ 259.2 Ma, Zhong et al., 2014）一致。前人对石英二长斑岩进行了锆石同位素年代学研究，得到岩体年龄分别为(255.2 ± 3.1)Ma（LA-ICP-MS, 黄勇等，2017）和(164.3±2.4) Ma（LA-MC-ICP-MS, Zhu et al., 2019），在形成年龄方面尚存在较大分歧。在前人的研究结果中，石英二长斑岩样品206Pb/238U、207Pb/235U和207Pb/206Pb三组年龄不一致，且相差较大，反映岩脉可能受到后期热液蚀变的影响或者与测试仪器分辨率和测试精度有关（周红英等，2011）。本文曾挑选新鲜、无明显蚀变的石英二长斑岩样品进行了斜锆石LA-ICP-MS的U-Pb定年（数据未列出），同样出现了3组年龄不一致的情况。综合以上考虑，本文改用分辨率及测年精度更高的SIMS法进行锆石的U-Pb定年。根据野外出露关系来看，石英二长斑岩与围岩辉绿岩界限明显，其年龄与辉绿岩一致或稍晚于辉绿岩年龄。在表 3中，可以看到206Pb/238U、207Pb/235U和207Pb/206Pb三组年龄测试结果在误差范围内一致，表明锆石在形成后U-Pb同位素体系封闭性保持较好。在207Pb/235U与206Pb/238U年龄谐和图上（图 9），锆石年龄均分布在谐和曲线上，显示出较好的谐和性，LK和EL样品中的锆石为继承锆石，年龄数据远大于辉绿岩，LM样品中锆石年龄与辉绿岩年龄接近，计算得到加权平均年龄为(259±2) Ma（n=6，MSWD= 1.08），代表了石英二长斑岩脉的成岩年龄。
6.2 源区性质
石英二长斑岩与辉绿岩在空间上共生，形成年龄一致，表明二者的来源有密切的成因联系。在前人的研究中，辉绿岩(87Sr/86Sr)i值为0.705278~ 0.706052、εNd(t)值为-0.5~1.6，其母岩浆来自于受地幔柱作用的富集地幔源区，在富集石榴石地幔源区通过部分熔融形成基性岩浆，地壳混染不明显（祝明金等，2018），石英二长斑岩具有较低的(87Sr/86Sr)i值0.704247~0.705292和正的εNd(t)值1.08~1.54与辉绿岩十分相似，显示二者来自同一地幔源区。一般认为，峨眉山高钛玄武岩来自于地幔柱在较大深度（石榴石稳定区）的低度部分熔融，主要分布于地幔柱活动相对较弱的边缘地带（Xu et al., 2001; 徐义刚等，2007）。石英二长斑岩与辉绿岩Sr-Nd同位素组成均位于峨眉山高钛玄武岩的范围内（图 8），显示出峨眉山玄武岩亲缘性，表明石英二长斑岩的原始岩浆来源于地幔柱部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆。此外，在图 8中，样品位于第一象限和第二象限之间，整体向EM Ⅱ区域偏移，说明岩石的主要混染物质具较高Rb/Sr比值（赵正等，2012），具备这样特征的岩石可能是上地壳物质（姜寒冰等，2009）。La/Sm和Sm/Yb的比值受分离结晶影响较小，可以有效地指示源区性质（Lassiter et al., 1997），在图 10中，样品落在上地壳区域，靠近于尖晶石二辉橄榄岩端元，表明石英二长斑岩原始岩浆在上地壳中与地壳物质发生了相互作用。石英二长斑岩Nd同位素一阶段模式年龄TDM1略小于二阶段模式年龄TDM2（表 4），岩石形成前后的Sm/Nd比值发生了细微的变化（Liew et al., 1988），暗示岩浆的演化过程中有地壳物质加入，同时进一步说明地壳物质加入的量较少。
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图 10 La/Sm-Sm/Yb图解（底图据Lassiter et al., 1997; 原始地幔和亏损地幔据Mckenzie et al., 1991；大陆岩石圈地幔据McDonough, 1990；上、下地壳和整体地壳据Taylor et al., 1995）Figure 10. Diagram of La/Sm-Sm/Yb(modified from Lassiter et al., 1997; Primary mantle and depleted mantle are after Mckenzie et al., 1991; Continental lithospheric mantle are after McDonough, 1990; Upper crust, Lower crust and Bulk crust are after Taylor et al., 1995)6.3 岩石成因
岩浆在生成后，向上运移至侵入地表过程中，通常会发生分离结晶作用或同化混染作用，或者同时存在两种作用。样品分异指数（DI）为82.27~ 88.42，指示岩石经历了高程度的分异演化作用。石英二长斑岩Mg#为22.99~44.45（平均29.18），显著低于原始岩浆（68~75, Frey et al., 1978），表明岩石形成经历了程度较高的分离结晶作用。在Harker图中，岩石分异演化的趋势明显，部分元素的趋势线的斜率随分异程度的改变发生变化（图 11），指示岩浆演化不同阶段分离的矿物组合有所差异。MgO、TFe2O3、TiO2、P2O5与SiO2呈负相关，表明在岩浆演化过程中，存在镁铁矿物、钛铁氧化物及磷灰石等分离结晶，而CaO与SiO2的正相关则可能暗示存在地壳物质同化混染作用的影响。样品Eu、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等元素的相对亏损（图 6），表明存在斜长石、金红石或钛铁矿等矿物的分离结晶。Nb/U值是判别火成岩是否受到地壳混染的有效指示参数（Hofmann et al., 1986；Campbell, 2002），Nb/U数值越低遭受地壳混染程度越大，如大洋玄武岩和原始地幔Nb/U值分别为47和34（Sun et al., 1989），而整体地壳Nb/U约为6（Rudnick et al., 2003）。石英二长斑岩的Nb/U比值为13.61~16.56（平均15.36），说明石英二长斑岩形成过程中受到地壳物质的混染。Zr的丰度随分异作用而增加，Th/Nb比值几乎不受影响，根据Zr与Th/Nb比值的协变关系，可以准确地检验是否存在同化混染作用，并判断同化混染程度（Barker et al, 1997；Mecdonald et al., 2001）。样品中较高的Zr含量474×10-6~662×10-6与较低的Th/Nb比值0.26~0.27，在Zr-Th/Nb图解（图 12）中所有投点的趋势线随分异程度的增加略有上升，显示岩石成因主要受分离结晶影响，并伴有较低程度的同化混染。此外，样品中古老继承锆石的存在，也指示在成岩过程中受到了壳源物质的混染（Samson et al., 2018；Olierook et al., 2020）。
ELIP岩浆活动零星出露中酸性火山岩，与基性火山岩共生（邵辉等，2007；Xu et al., 2010），有学者认为酸性端元和基性端元来自于不同母岩浆，是地幔柱来源的基性岩浆大量底侵导致下地壳物质部分熔融的产物，这种情况下中酸性端元出露面积较大（邵辉等，2007; Shellnutt et al., 2010；骆文娟等，2011; 徐义刚等，2013）。虽然微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素及大量继承锆石的证据都表明石英二长斑岩的形成存在地壳物质贡献，但是本文的证据并不支持这一熔融成因模式，因为罗甸石英二长斑岩比同期辉绿岩出露规模小得多，同位素和微量元素的分析也表明混染物质来自上地壳。也有研究者认为二者有相同母岩浆，酸性端元由基性岩浆分离结晶作用形成，并可伴有一定量的地壳物质加入，生成的酸性端元岩浆规模要小得多（Frost et al., 2001；Bonin et al., 2007；钟宏等，2009；Zhong et al., 2011），这一模式更符合罗甸石英二长斑岩的证据事实。综合前文所述，石英二长斑岩的原始岩浆来自于受地幔柱作用的地幔源区，地幔热柱在较大深度经低程度部分熔融形成玄武质岩浆，并经历了较高程度的分离结晶演化过程，在到达地表的过程中混染了少量上地壳物质后，最终以岩脉的形式侵位于同期辉绿岩中。其动力机制可能与区域构造活动创造了侵位通道有关，因为研究区出露相当规模的辉绿岩岩墙群反映了当时伸展拉张的环境（韩伟等，2009），为酸性岩浆的侵位提供了有利条件。
6.4 与ELIP岩浆活动的关系
峨眉山大火成岩省位于扬子地块西南部，广泛分布于四川、云南、贵州三省，前人对其岩石系列、岩浆起源及源区特征、地幔柱动力学、二叠纪生物大灭绝事件和岩浆成矿作用的关系开展了大量研究工作（王登红等, 2001, 2004；Ali et al., 2002; 张招崇等，2005；李宏博等，2010；He et al., 2010；Shellnutt et al., 2010；徐义刚等，2013；朱江等，2013）。从以往的研究来看，中酸性岩体主要分布于ELIP分布区域内带，如攀西地区营盘梁子花岗岩、二郎河花岗岩、白马正长岩体、攀枝花正长岩体和花岗岩体、太和花岗岩体、茨达复式岩体的中酸性岩体、米易正长岩体、会理猫猫沟霞石正长岩体、云南富民中性岩（罗震宇等，2006；Shellnutt et al., 2007, 2011；Xu et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2008；Zhong et al., 2009；骆文娟等，2011；李宏博等，2015）等。峨眉山大火成岩省精确的主喷发期限定在259.1~ 259.2 Ma（Zhong et al., 2014），持续时间小于1 Ma。罗甸石英二长斑岩形成年龄（259±2）Ma，与峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆活动时间一致。一般认为中酸性岩体出现在ELIP活动的晚期（邵辉等，2007；徐义刚等，2013；李宏博等，2015），与地幔柱活动晚期岩浆供给少，在地壳岩浆房中停留时间长，岩浆发生强烈分离结晶作用有关（Li Jie et al., 2010），这与罗甸石英二长斑岩显示出的分离结晶和地壳混染的特征吻合。前人认为ELIP中酸性岩浆作用可能具有普遍性，地幔柱岩浆作用是复杂且多样的（李宏博等，2015），对位于ELIP外带的罗甸石英二长斑岩进行的研究为这一观点提供了新证据。
6.5 古老锆石的讨论
石英二长斑岩中存在大量古老的继承性锆石，虽然其年龄数据比较分散，但仍然是以往的地质历史中构造事件记录的载体。在年龄谐和图上，古老锆石均显示出较好的谐和性（图 9b）。样品的古老锆石年龄分布有一定规律，可大致分为3组（图 7）：（1）（2688±9）Ma ~（2180±29）Ma；（2）（1142±48）Ma ~（965±21）Ma；（3）（500±13）Ma~（434±10）Ma。查阅资料发现，古老锆石的出现可能是对扬子地块不同阶段构造活动的响应：
第（1）组年龄对应新太古代—古元古代。在扬子地块内，古元古代岩石主要分布在扬子地块北缘和西南缘，与Columbia超大陆聚合-裂解密切相关（邓奇等，2020），如扬子地块北缘崆岭2.15~2.14 Ga的蛇绿混杂岩（Han et al., 2019）、2.00~1.93 Ga花岗岩（Wang et al., 2019）和扬子西南缘大红山2.0 Ga弧岩浆岩（Kou et al., 2017）等。
第（2）组年龄对应新元古代。华南板块包含了扬子地块、江南造山带和华夏地块，其中的江南造山带是华夏洋壳（华南洋）俯冲到扬子地块之下所引起的增生和碰撞造山作用的产物（Zhang et al., 2013）。华南洋开始消减的时限大约为1200 Ma，碰撞的高峰期在1000~950 Ma（吴根耀，2000）。在中元古代末到新元古代初的武陵运动（1050~1000 Ma）中, 华南洋向扬子陆块俯冲，在扬子地块东南边部形成增生的构造带，在华夏地块西北边缘形成了陆缘弧盆系（韩伟，2010；杨明桂等，2015）。在约970 Ma时，扬子至华夏地块之间的华南洋在扬子地块的东部消失, 形成江山—绍兴段缝合带（李献华等, 1996, 1999），而在扬子地块西南部则仍残留了一个盆地，除钦防槽盆外的整个盆地至中奥陶世逐渐关闭，至志留纪末形成了统一的华南加里东构造带（汪正江，2008）。
第（3）组年龄对应奥陶纪—志留纪。在贵州境内的都匀运动发生于奥陶纪末到志留纪初，表现为挤压背景下的大面积抬升运动，使得黔中隆起和黔南坳陷抬升成陆；发生于志留纪末的广西运动则使黔中、黔南整体继续隆升，隆起范围进一步扩大（崔金栋，2013）。
此外，值得注意的是，本次研究中最古老的一颗锆石年龄为（2688±9）Ma，这是目前在扬子地块西南缘贵州境内南部火成岩中发现的最古老的继承锆石，可以为扬子地块存在太古代基底提供锆石年代学方面的依据。
7. 结论
（1）石英二长斑岩锆石SIMS测年结果为（259± 2）Ma，与区内辉绿岩年龄和ELIP喷发时间一致。Sr-Nd同位素及微量元素特征表明，岩石与辉绿岩的具有相同的母岩浆，来自同一地幔源区。石英二长斑岩是由地幔柱部分熔融产生的玄武质岩浆经历分离结晶的产物，并混染了少量上地壳物质。
（2）罗甸石英二长斑岩的发现，说明ELIP中酸性岩浆作用可能具有普遍性。古老锆石的出现可能为扬子地块不同阶段构造活动的响应，同时也为扬子地块存在太古宙古老基底提供锆石年代学方面的依据。
注释
❶广西区域地质测量队区域地质测量队. 1972.1∶20万乐业幅地质图[R]. 广西壮族自治区地质局.
致谢: 论文撰写和修改过程中得到了冯光英副研究员、吴魏伟博士的悉心指导和帮助；审稿专家对本文提出了许多宝贵的意见，在此一并致以衷心的感谢！ -
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图 1 研究区大地构造位置图及地质简图
（a据郝家栩等，2014；b据广西壮族自治区地质局, 1972修改）1—东岗岭阶纳标段；2—东岗岭阶罗富段；3—上泥盆统；4—石炭系岩关组；5—石炭系大塘阶；6—中石炭统；7—上石炭统；8—二叠系栖霞组；9—二叠系茅口组；10—上二叠统；11—下三叠统；12—板纳组下段；13—板纳组中段；14—板纳组上段；15—辉绿岩脉；16—断层
Figure 1. Simplified tectonic map showing the location and geological map of the research area
(a, after Hao Jiaxu et al., 2014; b, modified from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Geology Bureau, 1972) 1-Nabiao Member of Donggangling Stage; 2-Luofu Member of Donggangling Stage; 3-Upper Devonian; 4-Yanguan Formation of Carboniferous; 5-Datang Formation of Carboniferous; 6-Middle Carboniferous; 7-Upper Carboniferous; 8-Qixia Formation of Permian; 9-Maokou Formation of Permian; 10-Upper Permian; 11-Lower Triassic; 12-Lower Member of Banna Formation; 13-Middle Member of Banna Formation; 14-Upper Member of Banna Formation; 15-Diabase dykes; 16-Fault
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图 2 罗甸酸性岩脉露头
a—罗悃石英二长斑岩露头；b—辉绿岩被包裹在石英二长斑岩内；c、d—峨劳石英二长斑岩露头；e—罗暮石英二长斑岩露头
Figure 2. Outcrop of acidic dyke in Luodian
a-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Luokun; b-Diabase is enclosed in quartz monzonite porphyry; c, d-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Elao; e-Outcrop of quartz monzonite porphyry in Luomu
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图 3 石英二长斑岩正交偏光显微照片
LK—罗悃样品；EL—峨劳样品；LM—罗暮样品
Figure 3. Microphotographs of the quartz monzonite porphyry (crossed nicols)
LK-Samples of Luokun; EL-Samples of Elao; LM-Samples of Luomu
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图 4 (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2图（据Middlemost, 1994）
Figure 4. (Na2O+K2O)-SiO2 diagram (after Middlemost, 1994)
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图 5 A/NK -A/CNK图解（a, 据Maniar et al., 1989）及K2O-SiO2图解（b, 据Peccerillo et al., 1976；Middlemost, 1985）
Figure 5. A/NK-A/CNK diagram (a, after Maniar et al., 1989) and K2O-SiO2 diagram (b, after Peccerillo et al., 1976; Middlemost, 1985)
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图 6 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图（a）及原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图（b）
（OIB和标准化数值据Sun et al., 1989）
Figure 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle normalized spider diagram of trace elements (b)
(OIB and normalizing values after Sun et al., 1989)
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图 7 锆石阴极发光图像
LK—罗悃样品；EL—峨劳样品；LM—罗暮样品
Figure 7. CL images of zircons
LK-Samples of Luokun; EL-Samples of Elao; LM-Samples of Luomu
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图 8 εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i图解
（底图据Condie, 2001；同期辉绿岩数据来自祝明金等，2018；DM数据来自Zindler et al., 1986；OIB数据来自Sun et al., 1989；EMⅠ、EMⅡ数据来自Hart et al., 1992；峨眉山高钛玄武岩数据来自Xu et al., 2001；Xiao et al., 2004）
Figure 8. Plot of εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i
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图 10 La/Sm-Sm/Yb图解
（底图据Lassiter et al., 1997; 原始地幔和亏损地幔据Mckenzie et al., 1991；大陆岩石圈地幔据McDonough, 1990；上、下地壳和整体地壳据Taylor et al., 1995）
Figure 10. Diagram of La/Sm-Sm/Yb
(modified from Lassiter et al., 1997; Primary mantle and depleted mantle are after Mckenzie et al., 1991; Continental lithospheric mantle are after McDonough, 1990; Upper crust, Lower crust and Bulk crust are after Taylor et al., 1995)
表 2 主量元素(%)、微量及稀土元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 2 Analytical results major elements (%), trace elements and REEs (10-6)
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