Groundwater resources in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and its development potential
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摘要:
粤港澳大湾区是中国开放程度最高、经济活力最强的区域之一，在国家发展大局中具有重要的战略地位，大湾区未来的发展离不开水资源的支撑和良好的水生态环境。近年来，随着大湾区经济的快速发展，人口激增，需水量上升，水资源环境问题也日益突出，水安全保障程度不足；地下水是水资源的重要组成部分，具有水量稳定、水质较好的特点，可作为重要的应急备用水源。本文从地下水资源着手，系统梳理了大湾区水资源环境条件、地下水资源状况、特征和开发利用潜力，并提出了应急后备水源地建议，得到以下认识：（1）地下水可划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩岩溶水、基岩裂隙水三大类，其中松散岩类孔隙水和基岩裂隙水分布最广；（2）湾区内地下水水化学类型较为复杂，丘陵山区以HCO3-Na型、HCO3-Ca型及HCO3-Na+Ca型为主，冲积平原及山间盆地以HCO3+Cl-Na型及HCO3+Cl-Na+Ca型为主，三角洲地区以Cl-Na型微咸-咸水为主；（3）西江、北江及东江干流构成湾区内地下水排泄的总渠道，各支流为地下水的局部排泄基准面，地下水动态变化具季节性特征；（4）地下水整体水质较好，Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水占比高达66.25%，从丘陵山区到三角洲平原，水质呈变差趋势，尤其在广州、江门、中山、东莞等城市周边水质较差，超标因子主要为氨氮、氯化物、氟化物、硫酸盐等，三角洲地区发育大量“铁质水”和“氨氮水”，水质性缺水问题突出；（5）地下水开发利用程度很低，东莞及中山等城市基本未开发利用地下水，在各类地下水中，碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙水具有规模开采的开发利用潜力；（6）综合分析相关资料，提出将广花盆地等10处富水块段作为应急水源地备选，经初步计算每年可为大湾区提供约4.18亿m3的应急水源保障。为应对突发性水质污染及极端干旱气候等大规模供水危机，保障粤港澳大湾区用水安全，促进大湾区高质量发展，建议加强大湾区的基础水文地质调查工作，掌握地下水的水位、水质、水量的动态变化特征，精准计算可用于应急备用开采的地下水储存量。
Abstract:Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of the areas with the highest degree of openness and the strongest economic vitality in China. It has an important strategic position in the overall situation of national development. The future development of the bay area is inseparable from the support of water resources and a good water ecological environment. In recent years, with the rapid economic development of GBA, the population is increasing rapidly, the water demand is increasing. As a result, the water environment is deteriorating obviously, and many cities have a single water source, the local water resources storage capacity is limited, and the degree of water security is insufficient. Groundwater is an important part of water resources, with the characteristics of stable water quantity and good water quality, which can be used as an important emergency standby water source. Starting from the groundwater resources, based on the systematic summary of groundwater resources status, characteristics, development and utilization potential, some suggestions in water source of GBA were put forward. It is concluded that groundwater can be divided into three categories: pore water of loose rock, karst water of carbonate rock and fissure water of bedrock, among which pore water of loose rock and fissure water of bedrock are the most widely distributed. The hydro chemical types of groundwater in the bay area are relatively complex, with HCO3-Na、HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Na+Ca as the main types in the hilly area, HCO3+Cl-Na and HCO3 +Cl-Na+Ca as the main types in the alluvial plain and intermountain basin, and Cl-Na brackish water as the main type in the delta area. The main streams of Xijiang, Beijiang and Dongjiang constitute the main drainage channels of groundwater in the bay area. The tributaries are the local discharge datum of groundwater. The groundwater changes dynamically with the seasons. The overall quality of groundwater is good, class Ⅰ-Ⅲ water of which accounts for 66.25%. From hilly areas to delta plain, the water quality shows a trend of deterioration, especially in Guangzhou, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Dongguan and other cities. The main factors exceeding the standard are ammonia nitrogen, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, etc. The degree of groundwater development and utilization is very low. Groundwater has basically not been developed and utilized in Dongguan and Zhongshan. Of all kinds of groundwater, carbonate karst fissure water has the potential of large-scale exploitation and utilization. Based on the comprehensive analysis of relevant data, 10 water-rich blocks such as Guanghua basin are proposed as emergency water sources, which can provide 418 million m3 of emergency water supply guarantee for GBA every year. In order to deal with the sudden water pollution and extreme arid climate and other large-scale water supply crisis, ensure the water safety of GBA, and promote the high-quality development of GBA, it is suggested to strengthen the basic hydrogeological survey of GBA, master the dynamic change of groundwater level, water quality and water quantity, and accurately calculate the groundwater storage that can be used for emergency exploitation.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 1 大湾区多年平均降雨量分布图（据2009—2019年降雨资料）
Figure 1. Distribution of annual average rainfall in GBA (according to rainfall data from 2009 to 2019)
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图 3 研究区水文地质剖面图
1—花岗岩；2—灰岩；3—砂岩；4—页岩；5—砂砾岩；6—石英片麻岩；7—钻孔编号及水位；8—断层
Figure 3. Hydrogeological profile of the study area
1-Granite; 2-Limestone; 3-Sandstone; 4-Shale; 5-Glutenite; 6-Quartz gneiss; 7-Drilling number and water level; 8-Fault
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图 4 研究区水资源评价五级分区图
Figure 4. Five level zoning map of water resources evaluation in the study area
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图 5 研究区地下水化学类型分布图
Figure 5. Distribution of groundwater chemical types in the study area
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图 6 研究区地下水中不同类别指标超标率
Figure 6. Over standard rates of different types of indicators in groundwater in the study area
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图 7 研究区地下水质量评价结果图
Figure 7. Results of groundwater quality assessment in the study area
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图 8 粤港澳大湾区地下水应急水源地建议点分布
Figure 8. Distribution of recommended groundwater emergency source sites in GBA
表 1 研究区地下水资源量评价分区及结果
Table 1 Evaluation division and result of groundwater resources in the study area
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 粤港澳大湾区广东省9市供水量数据（1999年、2009年及2019年）
Table 2 Water supply data of nine cities in Guangdong Province(1999, 2009 and 2019)
下载: 导出CSV
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