Stratigraphic sedimentary evolution of the middle and lower region of the Yongding Rive since MIS7 and its climate evolution since the Neolithic
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摘要:
利用廊坊东A27钻孔岩心资料，样品微体生物、孢粉特征综合分析，结合AMS14C测年，对永定河中下游地区MIS7以来的地层进行分析，建立了MIS7以来的沉积地层格架，并对其进行了年代厘定，讨论了该地区大约MIS7阶段以来氧同位素分期气候下的地层及环境效应。结果表明，永定河中下游地区晚第四纪可划分为U1~U8共8个沉积单元，分别对应于MIS1~MIS7以及MIS8晚期的沉积地层，与海洋氧同位素分期有很好的对应关系。U1单元为MIS1形成的湖沼—河谷—泛滥平原沉积，U2单元为MIS2形成硬质黏土（第1硬土层）—下切河谷—湖沼沉积，U3单元为MIS3形成的湖沼—河谷—泛滥平原沉积，U4单元为MIS4形成的河间地块沉积（第2硬土层，暴露失水沉积），U5单元为MIS5形成的湖沼夹分支河道沉积，U6单元为MIS6形成的下切河谷夹短暂湖沼沉积，U7单元为MIS7形成的以湖沼为主沉积，U8单元为MIS8晚期形成的泛滥平原沉积，重塑了MIS7以来沉积环境模式，建立了本区晚第四纪精细年代地层框架。笔者认为永定河中下游在新石器时期以河湖共存为主，在其晚期为湖沼发育达到顶峰，出现泥炭层，直至商周时期后在气候变化影响下湖沼消退转变为泛滥平原面貌，为区域古地理环境及生态修复提供重要参考依据。
Abstract:Based on the core datas of A27 borehole and the characteristics of micropaleontology and sporopollen in the east of Langfang, combined with the AMS14C datas, analyzed the stratum, established the stratigraphic framework, since the MIS7, in the middle and lower region of the Yongding River. In addition, the stratigraphic and environmental effects under the oxygen isotope staging climate are discussed.The results show that stratigraphy can be divided into 8 sedimentary units(U1~U8), respectively, and have a good correspondence with the marine isotope stage, which correspond to the MIS1~MIS7 and late MIS8, in the Late Quaternary of the middle and lower region of the Yongding River. U1 unit is the lacustrine-valley-floodplain sediment formed during MIS1, U2 unit is the hard clay (the first hard clay) -incised valley-lacustrine sediment formed during MIS2, U3 unit is the lacustrine -valley-floodplain sediment formed during MIS3, U4 unit is massife sediment formed during MIS4 (including the second hard clay, exposed dewatered sediment), U5 unit is lacustrine and branch channel sediment formed during MIS5, U6 unit is incised valley during MIS6 with ephemeral Lake and marsh deposit, U7 unit is a lake-marsh deposit formed by MIS7, U8 is floodplain sediment formed during the late MIS8. It reshaped the sedimentary environment model since MIS7 and defined the geologic time scale in the late Quaternary.It is believed that rivers and lakes are coexisted in the Neolithic period, the lake reached its peak, and peat layer appears in its late era, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yongding River.Until the Shang-Zhou dynasties, the limnetic facies fade away and transform into flood plain facies under the influence of climate change.It can provide an important reference for regional palaeogeographic environment and ecological restoration.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素，其地壳丰度为1.5×10-6，主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示，闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物，但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10-6)外，其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型，SEDEX；火山块状硫化物型，VMS；密西西比河谷型，MVT，等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常 < 300×10-6。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象，现报道如下。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
在细致深入的矿床学和矿物学研究基础上，利用激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对竹林沟锌矿床主要金属矿物闪锌矿进行原位微量元素组成分析。统计闪锌矿中Ge等元素的富集特征，结合相关分析和以往研究成果，揭示竹林沟锌矿床中Ge的超常富集机制。
3. 研究结果(Results)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量为592×10-6~1100×10-6(平均764×10-6，表 1)，锌矿石中Ge的平均品位97.9×10-6。闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料显示，扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT铅锌矿床，如牛角塘、会泽、毛坪、富乐等，其闪锌矿中Ge的含量均 < 652×10-6，即便富乐矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量最高，但其平均含量也仅为191×10-6，明显比竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)低。
表 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿部分元素含量(10-6)Table 1. The part elemental contents of sphalerite from the Zhulingou Zn deposit(10-6)
与世界上主要类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料相比，竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比SEDEX(Ge含量通常 < 50×10-6)、VMS(Ge含量多数 < 100×10-6)和MVT(Ge含量n×10-6~n×102×10-6，Ge平均含量 < 300×10-6)等闪锌矿中Ge的含量高出一个数量级。竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量与法国Noailhac-Saint Salvy热液脉型Zn-Ge-Ag-Pb-Cd矿床(Ge平均含量750×10-6)和玻利维亚Porco浅成热液型Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn-Ge矿床(n×102×10-6~2500×10-6)等少数类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)相当。
可见，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比目前已知扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)都高，且明显高出全球主要类型(除岩浆热液型和热液脉型外)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)一个数量级，具有显著超常富集特征(接近Ge地壳丰度的1000倍)。
初步分析显示，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ga和Cd之间具有正相关关系；相反，Fe与Ga和Cd之间均具有负相关关系，这表明该矿床闪锌矿中Ga和Cd很可能不是直接替代Zn而是替代Fe，与笔者前期认识基本一致。然而，不难发现该矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ge之间呈一定的负相关关系，但Fe和Ge之间则呈一定的正相关关系，进一步地Zn与Fe之间具有显著的负相关关系，且Zn与Fe+Ge之间负相关性更显著(图 1)。目前，闪锌矿中主要有六种Ge替代Zn的方式：(1)2Cu++Cu2++Ge4+↔4Zn2+；(2)Ge2+↔Zn2+；(3)2Ag++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(4)2Cu++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(5)□(晶体空位)+Ge4+↔2Zn2+；(6)nCu+Ge↔(n+1)Zn。可见，这六种替代方式均不能解释竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn和Fe+Ge之间的强烈负相关关系。因此，笔者推测该矿床中Ge很可能是与Fe一起共同替代Zn进入闪锌矿晶格(Fe+Ge↔2Zn)，是一种新的Ge替代方式。
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图 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn-(Fe+Ge)相关图解Figure 1. Relationship diagram of sphalerite Zn-(Fe+Ge)in the Zhulingou Zn deposit4. 结论(Conclusions)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中显著超常富集锗，锗的富集程度接近1000倍，且锗与铁一起共同替代锌进入闪锌矿晶格，是一种新的锗替代方式。初步估算竹林沟锌矿床锗金属储量超过400 t，而竹林沟锌矿床外围还有半边街等锌矿床，初步预测研究区锗资源量可能达到超大型规模(>1000 t)，一个新的国家级乃至世界级锗资源基地曙光已现。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgments)
感谢科技部、国家自然科学基金委、云南省科技厅和云南大学对本项目的支持。
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图 2 A27孔岩心照片与柱状图（岩心缺失部位—工程勘察原状样品取样）
Figure 2. Core photos and column in borehole A27(The missing core-Sampling of undisturbed samples)
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图 3 沉积时间序列与氧同位素阶段对比图（图例同图 2）
（氧同位素序列见Tian et al., 2002；标注数字为氧同位素阶段）
Figure 3. Correlation of stratigraphic units to marine Oxygen isotope stage(Legend is the same as figure 2)
(Oxygen isotope sequence after Tian et al., 2002; the number is oxygen isotope stage)
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图 4 永定河中下游地区全新世古地理图
Figure 4. Map of the Holocene paleogeographic in the middle and lower region of the Yongding River
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