Geology and minerogenetic condition of the Lenghu sandstone-type uranium deposit in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin
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摘要:
冷湖地区砂岩型铀矿是近年柴北缘新发现的具有工业价值的铀矿床，为了进一步研究该地区砂岩型铀成矿岩石学及矿物学特征、铀成矿条件等问题，本文在野外地质调查的基础上，利用偏光显微镜结合电子探针分析手段，对该区内大煤沟组中含矿岩石进行了系统研究。结果表明：研究区中侏罗统大煤沟组含矿岩石类型主要为（粉）砂质泥岩、薄层煤及细粒石英杂砂岩，整体发育一系列后生蚀变。研究区北东侧安南坝山古元古界达肯达坂群及赛什腾山海西期花岗岩为区内砂岩型铀成矿提供了丰富的铀源。砂岩型铀矿中铀主要以独立铀矿物沥青铀矿的形式赋存，其次含有少量分散吸附态铀，沥青铀矿总体呈不规则粒状、星点状、“串珠状、线状”及粉末状赋存于黄铁矿边缘、裂隙部位或黄铁矿与方解石的接触部位，吸附态铀主要赋存于炭屑及煤线内；区内沥青铀矿为柴北缘地区首次揭露并发现的独立铀矿物，总体上填补了柴北缘地区无独立铀矿物出露的空白。铀成矿条件方面，含矿目的层中方解石的发育，显示了铀成矿流体富含CO2、H2O等挥发分和矿化剂，其次出露的众多还原性介质（油气、炭屑及黄铁矿等）为区内砂岩型铀成矿提供了氧化还原反应必需的还原剂，最终将U6+还原成U4+以沥青铀矿等形式沉淀成矿。
Abstract:The Lenghu sandstone-type uranium deposit is the newly discovered industrial deposit in the northern margin of Qaidam basin. Based on the field geological survey, the ore-bearing rocks in the Dameigou Formation in this area were studied by means of polarizing microscope and electron probe analysis to further clarify the characteristics of uranium source, petrology and mineralogy of Lenghu sandstone-hosted uranium deposit. Results show that the ore-bearing rocks in the Dameigou Formation are mainly (silty) sandy mudstone and thin layer coal and fine-grained quartz greywacke, accompanied with a series of epigenetic alteration phenomena. The Lower Proterozoic Dakendaban Group and Hercynian granite in the northeastern part of the study area provide abundant uranium sources for uranium mineralization. The uranium minerals in this deposit are mainly pitchblende and minor adsorption state of uranium. In general, the pitchblende occurs in irregular granular, stellate, "beadlike, linear" and powdery forms at the edge of pyrite, in the crack or on the contact between pyrite and calcite. The adsorbed uranium mainly occurs in the carbon chips and coal lines. The pitchblende deposit is the first exposed and discovered independent uranium mineral in the northern margin of Qaidam basin, which generally fills the blank of no independent uranium mineral exposed in this area. The presence of calcite in ore-bearing layer indicates that the uranium mineralization fluid is rich in CO2, H2O etc. volatile and mineralizer. In addition, many exposed reducing medium (oil and gas, carbon and pyrite, etc.) provides reductant required for REDOX reaction of this type of deposit, which eventually reduces U6+ to U4+ and results in precipitation of pitchblende.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
碳酸钙是全球应用最广泛的非金属矿物材料之一，它不仅是建材、造纸、塑料、涂料、橡胶、油漆、冶金等行业的原料或改性功能材料，而且在日用化工、食品、医药、卫生保健等领域发挥着独特的作用。广西贺州大理岩矿产丰富，被誉为全国“重钙之都”，但石灰岩矿（轻质碳酸钙）勘查程度低，为了加快传统产业转型升级和新经济新业态转化培育，贺州市以粤港澳大湾区市场需求为引领，将重质碳酸钙领域拓展到轻质碳酸钙、氧化钙和氢氧化钙领域，构建绿色高端碳酸钙千亿元产业集群，本次在贺州市水声肚地区开展了石灰岩矿的勘查研究工作。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过开展详查工作，采用大比例尺地质填图圈定含矿层位；采用勘查线的布置形式，地表施工槽探、深部系统施工钻探揭露控制，最终通过全孔采样分析，圈定有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿体，估算资源量，实现了快速找矿突破。同时研究分析了水声肚矿区石灰岩矿体的主要赋矿层位，矿体规模、形态、产状、厚度、品位，矿石结构构造、矿物成分、化学成分、矿石类型，确定找矿标志。
3. 结果（Results）
通过项目实施，水声肚矿区熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要含矿层位为融县组下段（D3r1）和桂林组上段（D3g3）（图 1a）。融县组下段岩性为浅灰色-灰白色中厚层亮晶微晶粒屑灰岩夹纹层状含生物屑微晶灰岩，厚50~60 m；桂林组上段岩性为深灰色生物碎屑灰岩夹多层层孔虫灰岩，厚67~131 m。
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图 1 水声肚矿区地质简图（a）、层孔虫灰岩矿石和镜下照片（b）及1号勘查线剖面图（c）Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the Shuishengdu area (a), microscopic photos of stromatoporoid limestone ore (b) and section of No.1 exploration line (c) in the Shuishengdu area通过系统工程控制和采样分析，圈出了①号熔剂用石灰岩主矿体，矿体走向延长约2350 m，倾向延长约1650 m，水平投影面积约2.05 km2。矿体剖面形态呈单斜厚大层状、板状（图 1b）。矿体平均倾向193°，平均倾角21°。通过45个钻孔施工，控制矿体厚度11.01~179.53 m，平均99.02 m。单工程品位：CaO 53.75%~54.84%，平均54.44%；MgO 0.52%~1.17%，平均0.75%；SiO2 0.20%~1.33%，平均0.48%。
矿石结构以生物碎屑（含层孔虫、腕足类）泥晶结构（图 1c）、微晶结构为主，构造主要为块状构造。矿石矿物成分主要为方解石（约98%），含少量的泥质（约2%）。据组合分析结果：Al2O3平均含量0.24%；Fe2O3平均含量0.08%；S平均含量0.022%；P平均含量0.0019%；烧失量平均43.57%。表明矿区熔剂用石灰岩有害组分含量极低。矿石工业类型为有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩，均达一级品，部分达特级品。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
(1) 本次勘查在水声肚矿区新发现超大型有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿床，共估算石灰岩矿石资源量（控制+推断）为72956.46万t，矿区北部直接出露地表的石灰岩矿石量超2亿t，为贺州市碳酸钙产业转型升级提供资源保障，也为贺州市创建“广西东融先行示范区”迈开了加速步伐。
(2) 确定水声肚地区有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要赋矿层位为融县组下段和桂林组上段。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgements）
项目实施过程中得到了广西贺州市自然资源局的大力支持，谨此表示感谢。
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图 1 柴北缘冷湖地区地质简图（底图据周雪峰等，2018修改）
1—第四系松散堆积物；2—第四系成因不明沉积；3—古近系路乐河组；4—侏罗系大煤沟组；5—正断层；6—逆断层；7—推测断层；8—已施工工业铀矿孔
Figure 1. Geological map of Lenghu area in the northern margin of Qaidam basin (base map after Zhou Xuefeng et al., 2018)
1-Quaternary loose deposits; 2-Quaternary deposit of unknown origin; 3-Paleogene Lulehe Formation; 4-Jurassic Dameigou Formation; 5-Normal fault; 6-Reverse fault; 7-Presumed fault; 8-Industrial uranium ore hole has been constructed
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图 2 冷湖LH-7钻孔沉积素描与沉积相图
Figure 2. Sedimentary sketch and facies diagram of borehole LH-7 in the Lenghu deposit
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图 3 冷湖地区沉积相平面图
1—分流河道；2—水下分流间湾；3—扇平原分流间湾；4—钻孔编号；5—沉积相分割虚线
Figure 3. Sedimentary facies plan of the Lenghu area
1-Diversion channel; 2-Underwater diversion bay; 3-Fan plain diversion bay; 4-Drilling number; 5- Sedimentary facies segmentation dashed line
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图 4 冷湖铀矿床含矿样品岩相学特征
a—岩石发育砂质隐晶状、微晶状结构，常见炭屑（Org）出露，薄片号YK17-01；b—岩石隐约发育弱定向构造、层理构造，发育绿泥石（Chl）化、水云母（Hyd）化，另见千枚岩岩屑（Rf），砂粒石英（Q）边缘熔蚀明显，薄片号YK17-01；c-岩石发育碳酸盐化、高岭石（Kln）化明显，薄片号YK17-01；d—岩石反射光下见细脉状赤铁矿（Hem）、黄铁矿（Py）出露，薄片号YK17-03；e—岩石主要由方解石（Cal）、黄铁矿（Py）及煤组成，薄片号YK17-03；f—岩石发育细砂状结构，部分砂粒石英边缘被熔蚀呈港湾状及不规则状，黑云母（Bt）发育褪色暗化明显，仅保留其细鳞片状轮廓，且岩石发育高岭石化明显，可见白云母（Ms），薄片号YK17-04
Figure 4. Petrographic characteristics of ore-bearing samples of the Lenghu deposit
a-The rocks with sandy cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline structures, and common carbon shavings (Org) are exposed (YK17-01); b-The rocks are faintly developed with weak directional structure and bedding structure, and chlorite (Chl) and hydromica (Hyd). In addition, there are phyllite cuttings (Rf), sand quartz (Q) with obvious edge erosion (YK17-01); c-The rocks are well developed with carbonation and obvious kaolinite (Kln) alteration (YK17-01); d-Hematite (Hem) and pyrite (Py) can be seen under the reflected light; e-Rocks are mainly composed of calcite (Cal), pyrite (Py) and coal (YK17-03); f-The rocks developed fine sand-like structure, part of the sand quartz edge was corroded into bay and irregular shape, biotite (Bt) developed fading and darkening obviously, only its fine scale contour was retained, and the rocks developed kaolinite obviously, there are muscovite(Ms) (YK17-04)
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图 5 冷湖铀矿床沥青铀矿背散射图像
a—沥青铀矿（Ptc）呈不规则粒状分布于黄铁矿（Py）晶内；b—沥青铀矿呈不规则星点状或星点状集合体的形式展布于黄铁矿边缘以及方解石（Cal）与黄铁矿的接触部位；c—沥青铀矿呈粒状他形晶充填于黄铁矿裂隙或溶蚀凹坑内；d—沥青铀矿呈不规则串珠状、线状、星点状分布于主晶矿物黄铁矿内侧
Figure 5. Backscatter image of pitchblende in the Lenghu deposit
a-Pitchblende (Ptc) was distributed irregularly in pyrite (Py) crystals; b-Pitchblende is distributed at the edge of pyrite and the contact between calcite (Cal) and pyrite in the form of irregular stellate or stellate aggregates; c-Pitchblende was filled in pyrite fissure or dissolution pit with granular allochthonal crystals; d-Pitchblende is irregularly beadlike, linear and starlike in the interior of the main crystalline mineral pyrite
表 1 冷湖铀矿床样品特征及采样位置
Table 1 Sample characteristics and sampling location in the Lenghu uranium deposit
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 柴北缘冷湖砂岩型铀矿床铀矿物电子探针分析结果（%）
Table 2 Results of electron probe analysis of uranium minerals in the northern margin of Qaidam basin (%)
下载: 导出CSV
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