Mineralogical characteristics of gold-bearing pyrite and gold occurrence regularity of the Jiadi gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou Province
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摘要:
黔西南地区是中国卡林型金矿的主要产地之一，架底金矿作为黔西南地区近年来在玄武岩中新发现的卡林型金矿床，其金的赋存状态一直备受关注。前人研究表明，含砷黄铁矿是架底金矿的主要载金矿物，然而对架底金矿载金黄铁矿以及金的赋存规律一直缺乏深入的研究。文章结合野外实际调研以及室内显微岩相观察研究，首先对矿区黄铁矿进行了期次的划分；然后利用电子探针微区成分分析方法对不同期次的黄铁矿进行研究，结果显示：架底金矿的黄铁矿中，S、As具有明显的负相关性，Au、As存在一定的相关关系，成矿前黄铁矿与成矿期、成矿后的黄铁矿核部具高S、Fe，低As、Au等相似的特征，成矿期黄铁矿的环带具高As、Au的特征，与成矿后的环带（高As不含Au）相比较具明显差异，两者属于不同的热液事件。据此判断矿区载金黄铁矿的结晶顺序为：草莓状低砷无环带黄铁矿→含砷环带黄铁矿（含金）以及均质无环带的细粒黄铁矿→高砷环带黄铁矿（不含金）。这一结论对架底金矿找矿勘查工作具有一定的指示意义。
Abstract:Southwestern Guizhou is one of the main producing areas of Carlin-type gold deposits in China. The Jiadi gold deposit is a newly discovered Carlin-type one hosted in basalt in southwestern Guizhou in recent years, and the occurrence state of gold has long been the focus of attention. Previous studies have shown that arsenic-bearing pyrite is the main gold-bearing mineral in the Jiadi gold deposit. However, there has been a lack of in-depth research on the gold-bearing pyrite and the gold occurrence law in the Jiadi gold deposit. Based on the field investigation and indoor microlithographic observation, the pyrites in the mine were divided into different phases first; then, the electronic probe analysis method was used to study the pyrites of different phases. The results show that S and As of pyrite have an obvious negative correlation, and Au and As have a certain positive correlation. Ore-predating pyrite, ore-forming pyrite and post-ore pyrite share similarity of high contents of S, Fe and low contents of As, Au. The ring of the ore-forming pyrite has the characteristics of high As and Au, different that of the post-ore pyrite (high As without Au), indicating that two types of pyrites belong to different hydrothermal events. The crystallization sequence of the gold-bearing pyrite in the mine is summarized as follows: Strawberry-like acyclic pyrite of low-arsenic→arsenic, ringing pyrite (containing gold) and homogeneous apyrite fine-grained pyrite→high-arsenic ring pyrite (without gold). This conclusion has certain directive significance for the prospecting and exploration in the Jiadi gold deposit.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 1 莲花山背斜金矿带地质简图（据赵富远等，2018）
Figure 1. Geological map of gold belt in the Lianhua mountain anticline(after Zhao Fuyuan et al., 2018)
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图 2 架底金矿区构造图（据贵州省盘县架底金矿详查工作报告，2018❶）
Figure 2. Structural map of the Jiadi gold mine (after the detailed exploration report of Jiadi Gold deposit, 2018❶)
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图 3 架底金矿区61钻孔勘探线剖面图（据贵州省盘县架底金矿详查报告，2018❶）
1—第四系；2—上二叠统龙潭组；3—上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩三段；4—上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩二段；5—构造蚀变体；6—中二叠统茅口组；7—整合地层界限；8—不整合地层界限；9—层间破碎蚀变带界限；10—构造蚀变体界限；11—矿体编号；12—钻孔；13—夹石；14—终孔孔深；15—低品位金矿体；16—工业金矿体
Figure 3. 61 Profile of exploration line with 61 boreholes (after the detailed exploration report of Jiadi Gold deposit, 2018❶)
1-Quaternary; 2-Upper Permian Longtan Formation; 3-Third member of the Upper Permian Mount Emei Basalt Formation; 4-Second member of the Upper Permian Mount Emei Basalt Formation; 5-Structural alteration body; 6-Middle Permian Maokou Formation; 7-Integrated stratigraphic boundaries; 8-Unconformity stratigraphic boundaries; 9-Interlayer fracture and alteration zone boundaries; 10-Structural alteration body boundaries; 11-Orebody number; 12-Drilling; 13-Bastard; 14-Hole depth; 15-Low-grade gold ore body; 16-High-grade gold ore body
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图 4 架底金矿黄铁矿显微组构特征
a—草莓状黄铁矿（反射光）；b—自形—半自形结构黄铁矿（反射光）；c—环带状含砷黄铁矿（背散射）；d—五角十二面体黄铁矿（反射光）；e—自形粗粒黄铁矿（反射光）；f—不同期次的黄铁矿；g—针状毒砂沿裂隙在黄铁矿周围发育（反射光）；h—热液粗粒方解石晶体（正交偏光）；i—黄铁矿周围发育石英颗粒（正交偏光）
Figure 4. Microstructure characteristics of pyrite in the Jiadi gold deposit
a-Strawberry-like pyrite (reflected light); b-Self-shape-semi-shape structure pyrite (reflected light); c-Ring-band arsenic-containing pyrite(BSE)d-Pentagonal dodecahedron pyrite (reflected light); e-Self-forming coarse-grained pyrite (reflected light); f-Pyrite of different periods; g-Needle-like poisonous sand develops around the pyrite along the fissures (reflected light); h-Hydrothermal coarse-grained calcite crystal (orthogonal polarized light); i-Quartz particles are developed around pyrite (orthogonal polarized light)
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图 6 黄铁矿中As、Au含量关系图（原子百分比，拟合方程据Reich et al., 2005）
Figure 6. Relationship of As and Au content in pyrite (atomic percentage, fitting equation according to Reich et al., 2005)
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图 7 架底金矿黄铁矿中As-S、Au与S、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb等元素相互关系图
Figure 7. Correlation of elements in pyrite in the Jiadi gold deposit
表 1 架底金矿黄铁矿电子探针成分分析（%）
Table 1 EPMA results of Au-bearing pyrites from the Jiadi gold deposit(%)
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