Key technology of ecological restoration demonstration in the Yangtze River Economic Zone and its application
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摘要:
围绕长江大保护，笔者近年探索形成滨海盐碱地、长江滨岸湿地、沿江化工污染场地、重金属污染场地和废弃矿山等5种类型生态修复示范关键技术，取得重要进展和应用成效：(1)探索形成南通滨海盐碱地"工程、结构、生物和农艺改良"等关键技术体系，建立了盐碱地水-盐运移环境实时动态监测体系，实现海水稻、玉米和油菜等系列农产品产业化，有效服务沿海地区盐碱地优质利用与国土空间规划。(2)提出江苏启东长江沿江湿地"生境优化、植物优选、多样性调控"综合生态修复技术，形成湿地休闲观光区、湿地生物多样性保护区和湿地尾水深度净化区等三大生态功能区，修复成果取得较好生态与社会效益。(3)创新有机污染探测技术，查明某典型化工园区地下"隐性"污染，精确圈定主要污染物深度，明确以硝基苯、苯、苯胺等为主的污染物类型，提出了污染修复深化建议，得到当地市政府、环保部门采纳建议方案，有效支撑服务有机化工废弃场地再开发。(4)研发耐镉转基因特有植物材料与高效修复功能微生物，探索形成沿江高镉土壤微生物-植物互作修复模式，为下一步微生物改良剂研制和规模化修复奠定重要基础。(5)形成云南安宁磷矿尾矿堆场生态修复和四川攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿尾矿资源化、减量化利用关键技术，有力支撑废弃矿山生态保护修复和尾矿资源化利用。
Abstract:The key demonstration technology for ecological restoration of five types of ecological environments was explored to protect ecological environment of the Yangtze River, including coastal saline-alkali land, coastal wetland of the Yangtze River, chemical pollution sites along the Yangtze River, heavy metal pollution sites and abandoned mines. Through the construction of "engineering, structure, biology and agronomic improvement" and other key technology systems of coastal saline-alkali land, the real-time dynamic monitoring system of water-salt migration environment in coastal saline-alkali land has been established, and the industrialization of a series of agricultural products such as sea rice, corn and canola has been realized, which effectively serve the high-quality utilization and territorial space planning of coastal saline-alkali land. The comprehensive ecological restoration technology of "habitat optimization, plant selection and diversity control" was proposed for the wetlands along the Yangtze River in Qidong, Jiangsu Province. Three ecological function areas, namely wetland leisure and sightseeing area, wetland biodiversity protection area and wetland tailwater deep purification area, were formed. The restoration results achieved good ecological and social benefits. Some progress and results have been made, including innovation of organic pollution detection technology, identification of underground "hidden" pollution of one typical chemical park, accurate delineation of main pollutants depth, and clarification of aniline nitrobenzene and benzene. The proposed suggestions on deepening pollution remediation have been adopted by the local municipal government and environmental protection departments to effectively support and serve the redevelopment of abandoned organic chemical sites. Develop cadmium-resistant transgenic specific plant materials and highly effective remediation microorganisms were developed to explore the formation of a microbial-plant interaction remediation mode in high-cadmium soil along the Yangtze River, which lay an important foundation for the development of microbial amendments and large-scale remediation in the future. The developed key technologies for ecological restoration of Anning phosphate tailings storage yard in Yunnan and resource utilization and reduction of vanadium titanomagnetite tailings in Panzhihua of Sichuan strongly support ecological protection and restoration of abandoned mines and resource utilization of tailings.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 2 长江经济带生态修复示范区分布位置图
Figure 2. Distribution map of ecological restoration demonstration sites in the Yangtze River Economic Zone
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图 4 江苏沿海地区土壤盐度分级(左)及土壤养分(右)等级评价图
Figure 4. Evaluation of soil salinity grading (left) and soil nutrient grading (right) in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province
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图 5 盐碱地修复改良过程关键技术框架图
Figure 5. Block diagram of key technologies in the process of saline-alkali land restoration and improvement
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图 8 修复前后的场地状况对比图
Figure 8. Comparison map of site condition before and after restoration
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图 12 修复区沿江工程地质剖面图
Figure 12. Geological profile of the restoration area along the river
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图 13 底质改良与地形重塑示意图
Figure 13. Diagram of bottom material improvement and terrain remolding
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图 14 湿地修复功能区平面分布图
Figure 14. Planar distribution map of wetland restoration functional areas
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图 16 先锋植物控繁示意图
①—木桩；②—斜拉索；③—底泥；④—先锋植物；⑤—坠石
Figure 16. Schematic diagram of pioneer plant propagation control
①-Picket; ②-Stay-cables; ③-Bottom mud; ④-Pioneer plant; ⑤- Drop stones
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图 19 化工储罐有机污染物渗漏示意图
Figure 19. Schematic diagram showing seepage of organic pollutants from chemical storage tanks
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图 20 钻孔岩心和地下水中的有机污染物
Figure 20. Organic contaminants in borehole cores and groundwater
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图 22 地质结构及地下污染物分布图
Figure 22. Geological structure and distribution of underground pollutant
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图 24 有机污染场地生态修复技术模式
Figure 24. Ecological remediation technology model of organic contaminated sites
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图 25 土壤(左)和地下水(右)修复效果图(据肖业宁等，2015)
Figure 25. Soil (left) and groundwater (right) remediation effect(after Xiao Yening et al., 2015)
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图 26 修复前后效果对比图
(a-修复前；b-修复后)
Figure 26. Comparison of effect before and after reparation
(a-before reparation; b-after reparation)
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图 27 长江中下游沿江岸带镉异常分布图
Figure 27. Distribution map of cadmium anomaly along the riverbank of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River
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图 28 高镉土壤功能微生物采集与施用过程示意图
Figure 28. Schematic diagram of collection and application process of functional microorganisms in high cadmium soil
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图 29 海滨雀稗表达文库转化酵母获得的耐镉酵母单克隆(A)、耐镉单克隆的耐镉基因序列(B)、耐镉基因ORF再次转化酵母的耐镉鉴定(C)、表达分析(D)和PvHSFA4a的进化树分析(E)及氨基酸比对分析(F)
Figure 29. Cadmium-tolerant yeast monoclone obtained from transgenic yeast of seacoast paspalum expression library (A), Cadmiumtolerant monoclone gene sequence (B), Cadmium-tolerant identification of transgenic yeast with Cadmium-tolerant gene ORF (C) and expression analysis (D), phylogenetic tree analysis of PVHSFA4a (E) and amino acid comparison analysis (F)
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图 30 镉胁迫下海滨雀稗根系的酰化修饰途径探索
Figure 30. Exploration of acylation modification of seashore paspalum roots under cadmium stress
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图 31 过表达基因对野生型植株(WT、NG)和转基因植株(OX1、OX2)在不同镉浓度下的根茎镉含量不同镉浓度下过表达基因对野生型植株(WT、NG)和转基因植株(OX1、OX2)的根茎镉含量
a—地下部分根镉含量；b—地上部分茎镉含量；c—镉向地上茎转化的转化率比较
Figure 31. Effects of overexpressed genes on Cd content in roots and stems of wild-type plants (WT, NG) and transgenic lines (OX1, OX2) under different Cd concentrations
a-Cadmium content in underground roots; b-Cadmium content in the above-ground part of the stem; c-Comparison of conversion rates of Cd to aboveground stems
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图 32 过表达基因(Overexpress Gene)应用于作物后其果实中的镉含量比较
Figure 32. Comparison of cadmium content in fruits of crops after the application of over-express gene
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图 33 微生物-植物互作修复模式示意图
Figure 33. Schematic diagram of microbial - plant interaction remediation model
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图 34 云南安宁磷矿山生态环境修复位置(蓝色区域)示意图
Figure 34. Schematic diagram of ecological environment restoration location (blue area) of the Anning phosphate mine in Yunnan
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图 35 示范区生态植被恢复布局示意图
Figure 35. Schematic diagram of ecological vegetation restoration in the demonstration area
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图 36 示范区水土流失控制措施
Figure 36. Soil and water loss control measures in demonstration areas
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图 37 修复示范区自动监测技术示意图
Figure 37. Schematic diagram of automatic monitoring technology in repair demonstration area
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图 38 3个月后修复示范区效果图
Figure 38. The general condition diagram of the demonstration area after reparation 3 months
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图 39 钒钛磁铁矿矿山尾矿综合利用位置示意图
Figure 39. Diagram of comprehensive utilization position of vanadium titanomagnetite mine tailings
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图 41 (a) 泡沫陶瓷隔断板(b)泡沫陶瓷保水砖
Figure 41. Foam ceramic partition board (a) and foam ceramic water-retaining brick (b)
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图 42 钒钛磁铁矿尾矿综合利用技术路线
Figure 42. Technical route of comprehensive utilization of vanadium titanomagnetite tailings
表 1 攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿尾矿的精矿产品及其指标
Table 1 Concentrate products and indexes of vanadium titanomagnetite tailings in the Panzhihua mine
下载: 导出CSV
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