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摘要:
雄安新区内地热资源丰富，区内有牛驼镇地热田、容城地热田和高阳地热田，地热资源开发利用较早，但是对其深部热源机制仍未形成统一观点。为了研究雄安新区内地热田深部热源机制，在新区及外围进行了深反射地震和长周期大地电磁探测，对取得的同剖面的深反射地震和大地电磁数据进行处理和综合解释，探明了研究区从地表至莫霍面范围内地质构造和电性结构。下地壳结构在深反射地震剖面与大地电磁剖面上有很好的对应关系。电阻率低值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上存在一系列反射同相轴，且同相轴可以延续到莫霍面，电阻率高值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上无明显连续反射同相轴，尤其是在莫霍面之上呈现地震反射近似"空白区"。结合区域地热资料构建了研究区深部地热地质模型，对新区内深部地热机制进行了解释。该模型为"二元"生热模型，其热源包含两个部分，深部地幔热源和地壳放射性元素衰变生热。放射性元素衰变生热占地表热流的接近30%，而幔源热流在地表热流中的占比可达约70%。在牛驼镇下方，莫霍面以上，由于地幔热物质上涌造成下地壳上隆，幔源岩浆底侵作用于下地壳形成了局部热异常，该热异常具有低速高导的地球物理特征，认为是牛驼镇地热田和容城地热田的深部热源；以区域断裂为热通道，大地热流由深部向上传导、扩散到牛驼镇凸起和容城凸起顶部，对碳酸盐岩储水层进行加热，形成地热储层；上覆新近系沉积地层是良好的热盖层。
Abstract:Geothermal resources are abundant in the Xiong'an New Area, including Niutuozhen geothermal field, Rongcheng geothermal field and Gaoyang geothermal field. The geothermal resources in this area were developed and utilized earlier, but there is still no unified view on its deep heat source mechanism. In order to study the deep heat source mechanism, deep reflection seismic and long-period magnetotelluric survey were carried out in Xiong'an New Area and its periphery. The deep reflection seismic data and magnetotelluric data of the same section were processed and jointly interpreted. The geological structure and electrical structure in the study area from the surface to the Moho surface were explored. The lower crustal structure has a good corresponding relationship between the deep reflection seismic profile and the magnetotelluric profile. The area of low resistivity corresponds to the existence of a series of reflection events on the deep reflection seismic profile, and the event axis can continue to the Moho surface. The areas of high resistivity correspond to the absence of obvious continuous reflection events on the deep reflection seismic profile. Especially above the Moho surface, there is an approximate "blank area" of seismic reflection. Combined with regional geothermal data, a deep geothermal geological model of the study area was constructed, and the deep geothermal mechanism in the new area was explained. This model is a "dual" heat generation model, and its heat source consists of two parts, the deep mantle heat source and the heat generated by the decay of radioactive elements in the crust. The decay heat of radioactive elements accounts for nearly 30% of the surface heat flow, and the mantle-derived heat flow accounts for about 70% of the surface heat flow. Below Niutuo Town and above the Moho, the lower crust was uplifted due to the upwelling of hot mantle material, and the undercut of mantle-derived magma formed a local thermal anomaly in the lower crust. This thermal anomaly has low-speed and high-conductivity geophysical characteristics. It is considered to be the deep heat source of the Niutuozhen geothermal field and the Rongcheng geothermal field. With regional faults as the heat channel, the terrestrial heat flow is conducted upward from depth and diffused to the top of the Niutuozhen and Rongcheng bulges, which is a source of carbonate reservoirs. The water layer is heated to form a geothermal reservoir; the overlying Neogene sedimentary stratum is a good thermal cap layer.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
松科二井，获取了从基底—火石岭组—沙河子组—营城组—登娄库组下部连续完整的原位岩心。本文对松科二井沙河子组上部的孢粉化石进行研究，为研究白垩纪地球温室气候和环境变化，建立服务“百年大庆”目标和基础地质研究的“金柱子”提供基础资料。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
孢粉样品采自松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m，岩性为黑色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩，层位为沙河子组上部。孢粉分析鉴定在吉林大学古生物学与地层学研究中心完成，具体过程为：每个样品取过筛的干样50 g，进行盐酸→氢氟酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸→硝酸→氢氧化钾→盐酸等分析处理，用筛选法将样品中的孢粉化石集中在试管中，制2个固定片在生物显微镜下鉴定。
3. 研究结果（Results）
依据松科二井3395.46~3901.35 m井段的孢粉化石演化特征，划分出两个孢粉组合。
（1）Leiotriletes sp.- Cyathidites australis - Chasmatosporites sp.组合（简称LCC组合），分布在3832.94~3901.35m井段。蕨类孢子占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较低，未见被子类花粉。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Cyathidites australis，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyclogranisporites sp.，有时代意义的还有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C. minutaestriatus、C. splendidus、C.australiensis、Klukisporites sp.、Maculatisporites sp.、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites tribotrys、Aequitriradites sp.和Polycingulatisporites reduncus等；裸子类花粉含量最高的是Chasmatosporites sp.，其次是Psophosphaera sp.，有时代意义的类型有Parvisaccites sp.、Erlianpollis minisculus、Paleoconifersp.、Pseudowalchia sp.和Classopollis sp.等。
（2）Klukisporites triangulus- Aequitriradites sp.- Pristinuspollenites sp.组合（简称KAP组合），分布在3395.46~3613.62 m井段。裸子类花粉百分含量（53.03%~72.13%）较高，其次为蕨类孢子（27.87% ~46.97%），未见到被子类花粉。裸子类花粉中含量最高的是Alisporites parvus，其次是Piceaepollenites sp.，含量较高的类型还有Chasmatosporites sp.、Pinuspollenites divulgatus和P. sp.等，有时代意义的还有Parvisaccites otagoensis、Erlianpollis minisculus、E. mediocris、Jiaohepollis sp.和Classopollis classoides等。蕨类孢子含量最高的是Klukisporites sp.，其次是Leiotriletes sp.和Cyathidites australis，含量较高的类型还有Cyclogranisporites sp.等，有时代意义的有Cicatricosisporites exilis、C.apiteretus、C. australiensis、Klukisporites triangulus、K.variegatus、Pilosisporites scitulus、Impardecispora sp.、Levisporites wulinensis、Triporoletes singularis、Trilobosporites humilis、Aequitriradites sp.和Schizaeoisporites sp.等。
含有早白垩世特有或在早白垩世繁盛的分子：Cicatricosisporites、Klukisporites、Pilosisporites、Maculatisporites、Impardecispora、Levisporites、Triporoletes、Trilobosporites、Aequitriradites、Schizaeoisporites、Polycingulatisporites、Parvisaccites、Paleoconiferus、Erlianpollis、Foveotriletes.和Classopollis等（图 1）。
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图 1 松科二井沙河子组部分孢粉化石（1-Cicatricosisporites exilis，样品号：SK2-375；2. -Cicatricosisporites minutaestriatus，标品号：SK2-385；3-Cicatricosisporites splendidus，标品号：SK2-385；4-Cicatricosisporites australiensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-375；5-Levisporites wulinensis，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；6. Aequitriradites sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389; 7-Trilobosporites tribotrys，样品号(sample number)：SK2-389；8- Classopollis classoides，标品号：SK2-97；9-Erlianpollis minisculus，样品号(number)：SK2-395; 10. Parvisaccites sp.，样品号：SK2-395；11. Pilosisporites scitulus，标品号：SK2-201；12-Triporoletes asper，标品号(specimen number)：SK2-219；13. Foveotriletes subtriangulularis，样品号：SK2-219；14-Klukisporites triangulus，样品号(sample number)：SK2-205；15-Impardecispora sp.，样品号：SK2-201; 16-Schizaeoisporites polaris，样品号：SK2-173；17-Polycingulatisporites reduncus，标品号：SK2-395；18-Maculatisporites sp.，样品号：SK2-391。19-Chasmatosporites sp.，样品号：SK2-389; 20-Paleoconiferae sp.，样品号(sample number)：SK2-391;线段比例尺为10 μm, the scale of the line segment is 10 μm）Figure 1. Spores and pollen from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Well SK2上述2个孢粉组合分布在，属沙河子组上部，LCC组合蕨类孢子百分含量占绝对优势，裸子类花粉较少，从组合特点来看，可以与高瑞琪等人建立的沙河子组上部Granulatisporites-Lophotriletes-Cicatricosisporites组合大致对比，但上部的KAP组合层位显然高于高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合。与高瑞琪等人建立的孢粉组合相比，当前孢粉组合出现的有时代意义的孢粉类型更多且时代更新。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
两个孢粉组合海金砂科孢子繁盛，类型多样化，没有发现早期被子植物花粉；虽在蕨类孢子与裸子类花粉的百分含量及属种构成上明显不同，但出现的有时代意义的化石类型基本相同，其时代均为早白垩世早期。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为国家自然科学基金项目（41790451)和中国地质调查局项目（DD20190097）共同资助。孢粉化石由张淑琴研究员鉴定。
致谢: 在深反射地震数据采集中中石化石油工程地球物理有限公司江汉分公司给予了帮助，文稿修改过程中审稿专家提出了宝贵的修改意见，在此表示衷心的感谢！ -
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图 1 雄安新区综合地球物理测线位置图
1—易县—大城深反射地震剖面; 2—宽频大地电磁测点; 3—超长周期大地电磁测点; 4—断裂; 5—构造边界; 6—雄安新区边界
Figure 1. Location of geophysical survey lines of Xiong'an New Area and its periphery
1-Deep reflection seismic profile of Yixian-Dacheng; 2-Survey point of broadband magnetotelluric; 3-Survey point of ultra long period magnetotelluric; 4-Fault; 5-Tectonic boundary; 6-Boundary of Xiong'an New Area
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图 2 雄安新区及外围剩余重力异常图
Figure 2. The residual gravity anomaly of Xiong'an New Area and its periphery
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图 3 深反射地震典型单炮记录（500 ms AGC）
Figure 3. Raw shot record of deep reflection seismic (with AGC of 500 ms)
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图 4 大地电磁野外观测记录视电阻率曲线（a）和相位曲线（b）
Figure 4. Apparent resistivity curve (a) and phase curve (b) of magnetotelluric raw field data
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图 5 雄安新区及外围深反射地震剖面平均速度分布
Figure 5. The average velocity distribution of deep reflection seismic profile of Xiong'an New Area and its periphery
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图 6 深反射地震时间域（a）和深度域（b）偏移剖面及浅部地层解释
F1—太行山山前断裂；F2—容东断裂；F3—牛东断裂；1—第四系底界面；2—明化镇组底界面；3—馆陶组底界面；4—东营组底界面；5—沙河街组一段底界面；6—沙河街组二段底界面；7—沙河街组三段底界面；8—沙河街组四段底界面；9—中生界底界面；10—二叠—石炭系底界面；11—奥陶—寒武系底界面；12—新元古界顶界面；13—古元古界顶界面；14—不整合面；15—断裂；16—莫霍面
Figure 6. Deep reflection seismic profile in time-domain (a) and depth-domain (b), with the interpretation in shallow subsurface
F1－Taihang piedmont fault; F2－Rongdong fault; F3－Niudong fault; 1-Bottom of Quaternary; 2-Bottom of Minghuazhen Formation; 3-Bottom of Guantao Formation; 4-Bottom of Dongying Formation; 5-Bottom of Section 1 of Shahejie Formation; 6-Bottom of Section 2 of Shahejie Formation; 7-Bottom of Section 3 of Shahejie Formation; 8-Bottom of Section 4 of Shahejie Formation; 9-Bottom of Mesozoic; 10-Bottom of Permian-Carboniferous; 11-Bottom of Ordovician-Cambrian; 12-Top of Neoproterozoic; 13-Top of Paleoproterozoic; 14-Unconformity; 15-Fault; 16-Moho
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图 7 大地电磁电阻率反演断面图（截取与深反射地震剖面同长度部分）
Figure 7. The inverted resistivity of magnetotelluric (consistent part with the seismic survey line)
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图 8 深反射地震线划图及深部构造解释
Figure 8. Skeletonization diagram of deep reflection seismic and the interpretation in deep subsurface
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图 9 渤海湾盆地主要构造单元中—新生代岩石圈热结构演化图（据邱楠生等，2017修改）
qm表示地幔热流，qc表示地壳热流；地幔热流主要是地幔中热物质上涌散热，地壳热流主要是地壳中放射性元素衰变生热
Figure 9. Meso-Cenozoic evolution of lithospheric thermal structure of the Bohai Bay Basin (Modified from Qiu Nansheng et al., 2017)
qm-mantle heat flow, qc-crustal heat flow; The mantle heat flow is mainly caused by the upwelling of thermal materials in the mantle, and the crustal heat flow is mainly generated by the decay of radioactive elements in the crust
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图 10 雄安新区深部地热地质模型
1—第四系底界面; 2—明化镇组底界面; 3—馆陶组底界面; 4—东营组底界面; 5—沙河街组一段底界面; 6—沙河街组二段底界面; 7—沙河街组三段底界面; 8—沙河街组四段底界面; 9—中生界底界面; 10—二叠—石炭系底界面; 11—奥陶—寒武系底界面; 12—新元古界顶界面; 13—古元古界顶界面; 14—不整合面; 15—深部热源边界; 16—结晶基底; 17—中下地壳分界面; 18—下地壳岩体边界; 19—下地壳叠层状反射; 20—断裂; 21—莫霍面
Figure 10. The geothermal geological model of Xiong'an New Area in the deep subsurface
1-Bottom of Quaternary; 2—Bottom of Minghuazhen Formation; 3-Bottom of Guantao Formation; 4-Bottom of Dongying Formation; 5-Bottom of Section 1 of Shahejie Formation; 6-Bottom of Section 2 of Shahejie Formation; 7-Bottom of Section 3 of Shahejie Formation; 8—Bottom of Section 4 of Shahejie Formation; 9-Bottom of Mesozoic; 10-Bottom of Permian-arboniferous; 11-Bottom of Ordovician-Cambrian; 12-Top of Neoproterozoic; 13-Top of Paleoproterozoic; 14-Unconformity; 15-Boundary of heat source; 16-Crystalline basement; 17-Interface between middle and lower crust; 18-Boundary of rock mass in lower crust; 19-Laminated reflection in lower crust; 20-Fault; 21-Moho
表 1 沿易县—大城深反射地震剖面的区域构造单元边界
Table 1 The Regional tectonic unit boundaries along the Yixian-Dacheng deep reflection seismic profile
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 雄安新区内不同构造单元地温梯度及大地热流（王朱亭等，2019）
Table 2 Geothermal heat flow value of different tectonic units in Xiong'an New Area (Wang et al., 2019)
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 牛驼镇凸起构造层厚度、岩石生热率及热导率（据常健，2016修改）
Table 3 Thicknesses, heat generations and conductivity of tectonic layers of Niutuozhen raised structural layer (Modified from Chang et al., 2016)
下载: 导出CSV
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