Effective seismic imaging technology in igneous rock coverage area and its application to oil and gas investigation in Jinyang Basin of western Liaoning
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摘要:
辽西金羊盆地是下辽河盆地外围盆地群中面积最大的中生代盆地，盆地浅层火成岩广泛发育、其厚度大、期次较多，受火成岩对地震信号屏蔽以及该地区复杂的地震地质条件的影响，使得地震勘探采集的原始资料信噪比低、火成岩下伏地层反射能量弱，给地震资料的有效成像带来了极大挑战。本文根据原始地震资料特点，采用针对性的采集、处理技术，首先从采集方面以大能量激发、低频检波器接收，并且处理中应用反射能量补偿、静校正、叠前多域去噪等几项技术进一步提高资料的深层反射能量和信噪比，最后通过高精度速度场建模与地震偏移成像技术的多种方法对比，优选叠前时间偏移技术进行最终成像。与以往地震资料比较，采用这套有效成像技术重新处理的地震剖面信噪比、分辨率明显提高，更重要的深层反射能量得以有效恢复，火成岩的下伏地层反射信号清晰、地层接触关系明确，特别是大倾角地层及断层的成像得以明显改善，为后续的构造解释和勘探潜力区评价提供了高质量的地震资料。
Abstract:The Jinyang Basin of western Liaoning is the largest Mesozoic basin of the outer Lower Liaohe Basin. The shallow igneous rocks with great thickness and many periods are widely developed in the basin. The original data of seismic exploration has a low signal-to-noise ratio due to influencing of igneous rocks on seismic signal shielding and complex seismic geological conditions in the area. Meanwhile the reflected energy of the underlying strata of the igneous rock is weak, which brings about great challenges for effective imaging of seismic data. Based on the characteristics of the original seismic data, targeted acquisition and processing techniques were used to improve the deep reflection energy and signal-to-noise ratio of the data by low frequency geophone, static correction, pre-stack multi-domain denoising, reflected energy compensation and so on. The pre-stack time migration technique is optimized for final imaging through comparison by multiple high precision velocity modeling and seismic migration imaging techniques. Compared with the previous seismic data, the signal-to-noise ratio and resolution of the seismic section reprocessed by this effective imaging technology are significantly improved, the deep reflection energy is effectively restored, and the underlying strata of the igneous rock have clear reflection signals and clear contact between the strata. In particular, the imaging of the faults and strata with large dipping angle has been significantly improved in resolution, which provides high-quality seismic data for subsequent structural interpretation and exploration potential area evaluation.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
甘肃省高台县大青山地区地处阿拉善地块龙首山基底杂岩带，位于酒东盆地马营凹陷东段山前沉积盆地北缘（图 1a）。区内主要出露有古元古界—新太古界龙首山岩群、中元古界蓟县系墩子沟群、海西期侵入岩、侏罗系龙凤山组和白垩系庙沟组（图 1b）。
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图 1 甘肃省高台县大青山地区大地构造位置图（a）、区域地质图（b）以及ZK1201岩性柱状图（c），含油气岩心照片（d-g）和油气成藏模式图（h）Figure 1. Tectonic location (a), regional geological map(b), lithology column(c) and drill photos of ZK1201 (d-g), hydrocarbon accumulation pattern (h) in the Daqingshan area of Gaotai County, Gansu Province为实现研究区金属资源和油气资源的综合调查，中国地质调查局发展研究中心联合甘肃省地调院、探矿工程所、吉林大学在前期“甘肃省高台县臭泥墩—西小口子地区三幅1∶5万矿产远景调查”项目基础上，通过开展专题地质填图、矿产综合信息预测、智能找矿预测等工作，部署实施钻孔ZK1201，以期实现找矿突破。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
利用研究区地质调查、磁法、激电测深、化探数据和无人机影像等资料，开展综合信息解译。采用卷积和孪生网络神经网络模型对区内典型金属矿床成矿作用特征标志、油气赋矿层位进行深度学习，提出工程验证建议。钻探验证所采用钻机为汽车钻，整机包括车底盘、动力系统、液压系统、操控系统等。
3. 结果（Results）
在综合研究和智能预测的基础上，布设的ZK1201孔在钻穿早二叠世花岗闪长岩（图 1c）后，钻遇地层，续钻至393.8 m后终孔（图 1c）。此次工作共钻遇中侏罗统龙凤山组地层220 m，共发现14层油层（总厚145 m，单层最大厚度28 m，最小厚度1.4 m）。钻孔含油性由上部砾岩（油斑级以下）向下部砂岩（富含油或饱含油）逐渐增多，其中高角度裂缝普遍见可流动原油（图 1d~g）。经国家地质实验测试中心分析，原油中饱和烃、芳烃含量分别占32.4%和34.6%，为高品质轻质原油。原油中正构烷烃分布完整，主峰碳数、奇偶优势及甾烷和藿烷分布都指示其陆相烃源岩来源。
野外地质调查发现，白垩系庙沟组近水平发育，与下伏侏罗系龙凤山组呈角度不整合接触。庙沟组主要由厚层暗色泥岩组成，并发育薄层暗色粉砂质泥岩，可能为区域烃源岩层。初步判断成熟的烃源岩排出的油气沿角度不整合运移至侏罗系砂砾岩和砂岩储层后，被逆冲推覆花岗岩体封闭，形成构造-岩性油气藏（图 1h）。
研究发现区域内沉积盆地最南缘边界处在祁连山北缘断裂之下，最北缘处在龙首山断裂的下盘，南北跨度约80 km。区域内沉积地层较厚，其中侏罗系龙凤山组厚约2100 m，白垩系庙沟组厚约900 m，说明研究区具有较大的成藏潜力。此次油气藏的发现，预示着大青山地区具有完整的油气成藏系统，显示出良好油气勘探前景。建议进一步加强油气基础地质调查研究工作。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）在大青山地区花岗岩逆冲推覆体之下的中生代沉积地层中发现原油，所发现的高品质轻质原油，具陆相烃源岩来源特征。
（2）研究区具有良好的油气勘探前景，建议进一步加强油气地质调查研究工作。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢甘肃省地质调查院董国强，北京探矿工程研究所渠洪杰、谭春亮以及国家实验测试中心沈斌在野外工作和样品测试过程中的协助。
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图 2 不同检波器接收单炮地震记录对比
a—2只SN5-5低频检波器串联接收；b—10只SN7C-10检波器面积组合接收
Figure 2. Comparison of single shot seismic records by different geophones
a-2 SN5-5 low frequency geophones in series; b-10 SN7C-10 geophones with area combination
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图 3 不同检波器接收单炮地震记录频谱对比
Figure 3. Spectrum comparison of single shot seismic records by different geophones
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图 4 振幅补偿前（a）与补偿后（b）单炮记录对比
Figure 4. Comparison of single shot records before and after amplitude compensation
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图 5 振幅补偿前（a）与补偿后（b）地震剖面对比
Figure 5. Comparison of seismic profiles before and after amplitude compensation
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图 6 多域综合去噪前(a)和去噪后(b)单炮记录
Figure 6. Comparison of single shot records before (a) and after (b) multi-domain integrated denoising
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图 7 多域综合去噪前（a）和去噪后（b）水平叠加剖面
Figure 7. Comparison of seismic profiles before (a) and after (b) multi-domain integrated denoising
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图 8 静校正前（a）和静校正后（b）单炮对比
Figure 8. Comparison of single shot records before (a) and after (b) static correction
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图 9 不同静校正方法的地震剖面对比
a—折射波静校正；b—层析静校正
Figure 9. Comparison of seismic profiles by different static correction
a-Refraction wave static correction; b-Chromatography static correction
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图 10 09线叠前时间偏移速度场（a）与偏移剖面（b）
Figure 10. Prestack time migration velocity field (a) and migrated profile (b) of 09 line
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