Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks in northern Baingoin, Tibet: Magmatic record of the closure of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean
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摘要:
对班戈县北部马前乡地区的早白垩世安山岩和英安岩进行了详细的地质填图及岩石学、年代学、地球化学和Hf同位素研究。锆石U-Pb定年获得安山岩年龄分别为（108.0±1.5）Ma和（113.6±0.9）Ma；英安岩年龄为（106.7±1.9）Ma和（113.6±0.8）Ma。安山岩富集Th和U，亏损Nb、Ta和Ti，具有变化范围较大的Mg#值（25~63），锆石εHf（t）值（-8.6~+1.5）以负值为主，应当为幔源镁铁质熔体与壳源熔体的混合产物。英安岩具有与安山岩类似的微量元素成分特征及负的锆石εHf（t）值（-12.3~-8.1），应当是地壳部分熔融的产物。结合前人研究成果认为，这些早白垩世岩浆岩是约110 Ma沿班公湖-怒江缝合带岩浆大爆发的产物，可能与班公湖-怒江洋闭合之后的拉萨与羌塘地块陆-陆碰撞有关。
Abstract:The petrological, zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical, and zircon Hf isotopic data of the Early Cretaceous andesites and dacites in the Maqianxiang area of Baingoin County, Tibet, are reported. The zircon U-Pb ages of andesite are (108.0±1.5)Ma and (113.6±0.9) Ma, and those of dacite are (106.7±1.9) Ma and (113.6±0.8) Ma. The andesites are enriched in Th and U and depleted in Nb, Ta, and Ti, have variable Mg# values (25-63), and show mainly negative zircon εHf(t) values (-8.6 to +1.5). They are probably generated by mixing of mantle- and crust-derived melts. Dacite shares similar trace element features with the coeval andesite, and has negative zircon εHf(t) values (-12.3 to -8.1). It is interpreted as a product of partially melting crust. The andesite and dacite are interpreted as a product of the ca.110 Ma magmatism along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, and may be related to the continent-continent collision process after the closure of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素，其地壳丰度为1.5×10-6，主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示，闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物，但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10-6)外，其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型，SEDEX；火山块状硫化物型，VMS；密西西比河谷型，MVT，等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常 < 300×10-6。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象，现报道如下。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
在细致深入的矿床学和矿物学研究基础上，利用激光剥蚀等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对竹林沟锌矿床主要金属矿物闪锌矿进行原位微量元素组成分析。统计闪锌矿中Ge等元素的富集特征，结合相关分析和以往研究成果，揭示竹林沟锌矿床中Ge的超常富集机制。
3. 研究结果(Results)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量为592×10-6~1100×10-6(平均764×10-6，表 1)，锌矿石中Ge的平均品位97.9×10-6。闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料显示，扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT铅锌矿床，如牛角塘、会泽、毛坪、富乐等，其闪锌矿中Ge的含量均 < 652×10-6，即便富乐矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量最高，但其平均含量也仅为191×10-6，明显比竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)低。
表 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿部分元素含量(10-6)Table 1. The part elemental contents of sphalerite from the Zhulingou Zn deposit(10-6)
与世界上主要类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微区原位Ge含量分析资料相比，竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比SEDEX(Ge含量通常 < 50×10-6)、VMS(Ge含量多数 < 100×10-6)和MVT(Ge含量n×10-6~n×102×10-6，Ge平均含量 < 300×10-6)等闪锌矿中Ge的含量高出一个数量级。竹林沟矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量与法国Noailhac-Saint Salvy热液脉型Zn-Ge-Ag-Pb-Cd矿床(Ge平均含量750×10-6)和玻利维亚Porco浅成热液型Ag-Zn-Pb-Sn-Ge矿床(n×102×10-6~2500×10-6)等少数类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)相当。
可见，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量比目前已知扬子板块及其周缘地区MVT矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)都高，且明显高出全球主要类型(除岩浆热液型和热液脉型外)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量(特别是Ge的平均含量)一个数量级，具有显著超常富集特征(接近Ge地壳丰度的1000倍)。
初步分析显示，竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ga和Cd之间具有正相关关系；相反，Fe与Ga和Cd之间均具有负相关关系，这表明该矿床闪锌矿中Ga和Cd很可能不是直接替代Zn而是替代Fe，与笔者前期认识基本一致。然而，不难发现该矿床闪锌矿中Zn与Ge之间呈一定的负相关关系，但Fe和Ge之间则呈一定的正相关关系，进一步地Zn与Fe之间具有显著的负相关关系，且Zn与Fe+Ge之间负相关性更显著(图 1)。目前，闪锌矿中主要有六种Ge替代Zn的方式：(1)2Cu++Cu2++Ge4+↔4Zn2+；(2)Ge2+↔Zn2+；(3)2Ag++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(4)2Cu++Ge4+↔3Zn2+；(5)□(晶体空位)+Ge4+↔2Zn2+；(6)nCu+Ge↔(n+1)Zn。可见，这六种替代方式均不能解释竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn和Fe+Ge之间的强烈负相关关系。因此，笔者推测该矿床中Ge很可能是与Fe一起共同替代Zn进入闪锌矿晶格(Fe+Ge↔2Zn)，是一种新的Ge替代方式。
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图 1 竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿Zn-(Fe+Ge)相关图解Figure 1. Relationship diagram of sphalerite Zn-(Fe+Ge)in the Zhulingou Zn deposit4. 结论(Conclusions)
竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中显著超常富集锗，锗的富集程度接近1000倍，且锗与铁一起共同替代锌进入闪锌矿晶格，是一种新的锗替代方式。初步估算竹林沟锌矿床锗金属储量超过400 t，而竹林沟锌矿床外围还有半边街等锌矿床，初步预测研究区锗资源量可能达到超大型规模(>1000 t)，一个新的国家级乃至世界级锗资源基地曙光已现。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgments)
感谢科技部、国家自然科学基金委、云南省科技厅和云南大学对本项目的支持。
致谢: 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析得到了中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所侯可军副研究员的帮助，在此致以衷心的感谢。 -
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图 1 青藏高原构造划分简图（a, 据Hu et al., 2017）和西藏班戈县马前乡地区地质简图（b）
BNSZ—班公湖—怒江缝合带；LSSZ—龙木错—双湖缝合带；IYZSZ—雅鲁藏布江缝合带；JSSZ—金沙江缝合带；1—第四系；2—古近系牛堡组；3—白垩系去申拉组安山岩；4—白垩系去申拉组英安岩；5—白垩系去申拉组砂岩；6—侏罗系接奴群；7—三叠系确哈拉群；8—三叠纪花岗岩；9—蛇绿岩；10—断层；11—不整合接触；12—年龄采样点；13—产状
Figure 1. Tectonic framework of the Tibetan Plateau (a, after Hu et al., 2017) and simplified geological map (b) of Maqian Town, Baingoin County
BNSZ-Bangong Co-Nujiang suture zone; LSSZ-Longmu Co-Shuanghu suture zone; IYZSZ-Yarlung Zangbo suture zone; JSSZ-Jinshajiang suture zone; 1-Quaternary; 2-The Paleogene Niubao Formation; 3-The Cretaceous andesite of Qushenla Formation; 4-The Cretaceous dacite of Qushenla Formation; 5-The Cretaceous sandstone of Qushenla Formation; 6-The Jurassic Jienu Group; 7-The Triassic Quehala Group; 8-The Triassic granite; 9-Ophiolite; 10-Fault; 11-Unconformable contact; 12-Sampling site; 13-Occurrence
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图 2 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩野外露头及显微照片
a—安山岩远景；b—安山岩夹火山角砾岩；c, d, e—火山岩与砂岩界限；f—安山岩近景；g—英安岩近景；h—安山岩镜下照片；i—英安岩镜下照片；Pl—斜长石；Px—辉石；Ser—绢云母；Q—石英
Figure 2. Field photographs and microphotographs of the volcanic rocks in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet
a-Distant view of andesites; b-Andesites intermingled with volcanic breccia; c, d, e-The boundary between volcanic rock and sandstone; f-Tight shot of andesites; g-Tight shot of dacites; h-Microphotographs of andesites; i-Microphotographs of dacites; Pl-Plagioclase; Px-Pyroxene; SerSericite; Q-Quartz
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图 3 西藏班戈县马前乡安山岩（a，b）和英安岩（c，d）的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和图（比例尺代表100 μm）
Figure 3. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordant diagrams of the andesite (a, b) and dacite (c, d) in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet (The scale bar on the CL images representing 100 μm)
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图 4 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩的Zr/TiO2*0.0001-SiO2（a）和Co-Th图解（b）
Figure 4. Zr/TiO2*0.0001-SiO2(a) and Co-Th diagrams (b) of the volcanic rocks in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet
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图 5 西藏班戈县马前乡安山岩（a，b）和英安岩（c，d）的微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线标准化数据和上地壳数据引自参考文献（据Sun and McDonough, 1989）
Figure 5. Primitive-mantle-normalized trace elements spidergrams and Chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns of the andesite (a, b) and dacites (c, d) in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet (Normalizing and upper crust data from reference, after Sun and McDonough, 1989)
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图 6 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩的εHf(t)-U-Pb年龄图解
Figure 6. Plots of εHf(t) vs. U-Pb ages of the volcanic rocks in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet
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图 7 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩的MgO-TFeO图解（据Zorpi et al., 1989）（a）和La-La/Sm图解（据Schiano et al., 2010）（b）
Figure 7. MgO-TFeO (a) and La-La/Sm diagrams (b) (after Zorpi et al., 1989) and La-La/Sm diagrams (after Schiano et al., 2010) of the volcanic rocks in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet
表 1 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩锆石U-Th-Pb同位素数据
Table 1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Th-Pb data of the volcanic rocks in Maqian Town of Baingoin County, Tibet
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 西藏班戈县马前乡火山岩主量（%）和微量元素（10-6）成分分析结果
Table 2 Major (%) and trace (10-6) elements data of the volcanic rocks in the Maqianxiang area, Baingoin County, Tibet
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 西藏班戈县马前火山岩的锆石Hf同位素分析结果
Table 3 Zircon Hf isotopic data of the volcanic rocks in the Maqianxiang area, Baingoin County, Tibet
下载: 导出CSV
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