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摘要:
地热能作为一种零碳、清洁能源，其开发利用对于碳中和具有重要价值。2015-2020年，全球新增地热发电约3649 GW，增长约27%；地热直接利用总装机容量增长52.0%。两者之和，所用热能比2015年增长72.3%。全球每年地热直接利用可防止7810万t碳和2.526亿t CO2排放到大气中。世界地热能发展呈现五大趋势：（1）发展非常规地热系统；（2）向海上地热资源开发进军；（3）降低钻探成本与石油热能协同生产；（4）加大浅层地热能的开发利用；（5）加强含水层热能储存技术研发。
Abstract:As a kind of zero carbon and clean energy, the development and utilization of geothermal energy is of great value for carbon neutralization. From 2015 to 2020, the global geothermal power generation increased by about 3649 GW, an increase of about 27%. Total installed capacity of geothermal utilization increased by 52.0%. The sum of the two, the used heat energy increased by 72.3% over 2015. The direct utilization of geothermal energy in the world can prevent 78.1 million tons of carbon and 252.6 million tons of CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere every year. The world geothermal energy development presents the following five trends: development of unconventional geothermal system, development of offshore geothermal resources, reduction of drilling cost and cooperation of thermal energy production with petroleum, increase of the development and utilization of shallow geothermal energy, strengthening of the research and development of aquifer thermal energy storage technology.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
碳酸钙是全球应用最广泛的非金属矿物材料之一，它不仅是建材、造纸、塑料、涂料、橡胶、油漆、冶金等行业的原料或改性功能材料，而且在日用化工、食品、医药、卫生保健等领域发挥着独特的作用。广西贺州大理岩矿产丰富，被誉为全国“重钙之都”，但石灰岩矿（轻质碳酸钙）勘查程度低，为了加快传统产业转型升级和新经济新业态转化培育，贺州市以粤港澳大湾区市场需求为引领，将重质碳酸钙领域拓展到轻质碳酸钙、氧化钙和氢氧化钙领域，构建绿色高端碳酸钙千亿元产业集群，本次在贺州市水声肚地区开展了石灰岩矿的勘查研究工作。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过开展详查工作，采用大比例尺地质填图圈定含矿层位；采用勘查线的布置形式，地表施工槽探、深部系统施工钻探揭露控制，最终通过全孔采样分析，圈定有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿体，估算资源量，实现了快速找矿突破。同时研究分析了水声肚矿区石灰岩矿体的主要赋矿层位，矿体规模、形态、产状、厚度、品位，矿石结构构造、矿物成分、化学成分、矿石类型，确定找矿标志。
3. 结果（Results）
通过项目实施，水声肚矿区熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要含矿层位为融县组下段（D3r1）和桂林组上段（D3g3）（图 1a）。融县组下段岩性为浅灰色-灰白色中厚层亮晶微晶粒屑灰岩夹纹层状含生物屑微晶灰岩，厚50~60 m；桂林组上段岩性为深灰色生物碎屑灰岩夹多层层孔虫灰岩，厚67~131 m。
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图 1 水声肚矿区地质简图（a）、层孔虫灰岩矿石和镜下照片（b）及1号勘查线剖面图（c）Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the Shuishengdu area (a), microscopic photos of stromatoporoid limestone ore (b) and section of No.1 exploration line (c) in the Shuishengdu area通过系统工程控制和采样分析，圈出了①号熔剂用石灰岩主矿体，矿体走向延长约2350 m，倾向延长约1650 m，水平投影面积约2.05 km2。矿体剖面形态呈单斜厚大层状、板状（图 1b）。矿体平均倾向193°，平均倾角21°。通过45个钻孔施工，控制矿体厚度11.01~179.53 m，平均99.02 m。单工程品位：CaO 53.75%~54.84%，平均54.44%；MgO 0.52%~1.17%，平均0.75%；SiO2 0.20%~1.33%，平均0.48%。
矿石结构以生物碎屑（含层孔虫、腕足类）泥晶结构（图 1c）、微晶结构为主，构造主要为块状构造。矿石矿物成分主要为方解石（约98%），含少量的泥质（约2%）。据组合分析结果：Al2O3平均含量0.24%；Fe2O3平均含量0.08%；S平均含量0.022%；P平均含量0.0019%；烧失量平均43.57%。表明矿区熔剂用石灰岩有害组分含量极低。矿石工业类型为有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩，均达一级品，部分达特级品。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
(1) 本次勘查在水声肚矿区新发现超大型有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿床，共估算石灰岩矿石资源量（控制+推断）为72956.46万t，矿区北部直接出露地表的石灰岩矿石量超2亿t，为贺州市碳酸钙产业转型升级提供资源保障，也为贺州市创建“广西东融先行示范区”迈开了加速步伐。
(2) 确定水声肚地区有色冶金熔剂用石灰岩矿的主要赋矿层位为融县组下段和桂林组上段。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgements）
项目实施过程中得到了广西贺州市自然资源局的大力支持，谨此表示感谢。
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图 1 2010—2025年世界地热发电总装机容量
Figure 1. World total install capacity of geothermal power generation in 2010-2025
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图 2 以前拥有地热发电装机容量的国家自2015年以来的增量
Figure 2. MW Growth since 2015 by nations previously having installed power plants
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图 3 2010—2025年世界地热发电总装机容量兆瓦数的百分比变化
Figure 3. changes total install capacity MW percentage of geothermal power generation in 2010—2025
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图 4 1995—2020年地热直接利用装机容量及年利用量
Figure 4. The install directly-used geothermal capacity and annual utilization in 1995—2020
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图 5 1995、2000、2005、2010、2015和2020年全球地热能直接利用（TJ/a）比较
Figure 5. Comparison of worldwide directly-used geothermal energy in TJ/a in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020
表 1 2015—2020年世界各国地热发电和能源生产统计
Table 1 Statistics of world geothermal power and energy generation in 2015—2020
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表 2 2020年地热发电装机容量最多的10个国家
Table 2 Top 10 countries with the most installed geothermal power capacity in 2020
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表 3 2019年全球地热能直接利用数据汇总
Table 3 Summary of global geothermal energy directly-used data by region and continent in 2019
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表 4 直接利用地热能（包括地源热泵，按总量和按照人口计算的全球前5个国家)
Table 4 Directly-used geothermal energy (including ground source heat pump, top five countries by total and population)
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表 5 直接利用地热能全球排名前5的国家（按单位土地面积和按照增幅最快计算）
Table 5 Top five countries in the world for direct use of geothermal energy (calculated by unit land area and the fastest growth rate)
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表 6 不用热泵直接利用地热能/使用热泵装机容量的全球前5个国家
Table 6 Top five countries in the world using geothermal energy without heat pump
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表 7 1995—2020年地热直接利用各类用途的兆瓦数汇总
Table 7 Summary of MW for various categories of directly-used geothermal energy in 1995-2020
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表 8 1995—2020年地热直接利用各类用途的TJ/a数汇总
Table 8 Summary of TJ/a for various categories of directly-used geothermal energy in 1995-2020
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表 9 1995—2020年地热直接利用各类用途的容量因子
Table 9 Summary of capacity factors for various categories of geothermal energy direct-use in 1995-2020
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表 10 世界范围内直接利用地热能节约的能源、碳和温室气体，包括冷却模式地源热泵
Table 10 Worldwide saving energy, carbon and greenhouse gases using geothermal energy including geothermal heat pumps in thecooling mode in terms of fuel oil
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表 11 地热能直接利用对一些国家经济的重大贡献
Table 11 Significant Contribution of directly-used geothermal energy to a country's economy
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表 12 各大洲地热能直接利用的分布情况
Table 12 Distribution of directly-used geothermal energy utilization by continents
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