-
摘要:
铌、钽矿产分布较广。内生铌钽矿成矿类型主要为伟晶岩型、稀有金属花岗岩型、碳酸岩型和碱性岩型；外生矿床多为内生矿床经过风化和沉积等外生作用发生二次富集的风化壳型和残坡积、冲积砂矿型。从成矿时代来看，伟晶岩型矿床成矿时代跨度较大，从3.08 Ga到0.19 Ga；碱性岩型矿床主要成矿期分别在2.25~1.35 Ga和0.75~0.19 Ga；碳酸岩型矿床成矿期主要分布在0.75~0.6 Ga和0.4~0.35 Ga；花岗岩型主要分布在0.75~0.19 Ga的中晚期。碳酸岩型铌矿床和伟晶岩型钽矿床是目前勘探的主要目标。
Abstract:Niobium and tantalum resources are widely distributed in the world. Their endogenous metallogenic deposits are mainly hosted in pegmatite, rare-metal granite, carbonatite, and alkaline rocks. Their exogenetic deposits are mostly the products of secondary enrichment through exogenous processes such as weathering and deposition from endogenous deposits. The metallogenic epoch of pegmatite-hosted deposits has a large span from 3.08 Ga to 0.19 Ga; alkaline rock-hosted deposits are at 2.25-1.35 Ga and 0.75-0.19 Ga respectively; carbonatite-hosted deposits are mainly in 0.75-0.6 Ga and 0.4-0.35 Ga; and granite-hosted deposits are mainly distributed in the middle and late stages of 0.75-0.19 Ga. At present, carbonatite-hosted niobium deposits and pegmatite-hosted tantalum deposits are the main exploration targets.
-
致谢: 南京地质调查中心陈世忠研究员对文稿进行了认真审阅和修改；审稿专家和编辑提出了宝贵修改意见。在此一并表示诚挚的感谢。
-
![]()
图 1 稀有金属花岗岩母岩之上含LCT伟晶岩分带及矿化示意图(改自Černý, 1991)
Figure 1. Schematic representation of LCT pegmatite zoning and mineralization above a parental granite (modified from Černý, 1991)
![]()
图 2 不同成矿类型钽矿成矿时代分布图（改自Tkachev et al., 2019）
Figure 2. Mineralization epoch distribution of different Ta metallogenic types (modified from Tkachev et al., 2019)
![]()
图 3 圣—奥能瑞碱性杂岩体示意图（改自Tremblay et al., 2017)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of Saint-Honoré alkaline complex (modified from Tremblay et al., 2017)
![]()
图 4 西澳克拉通伟晶岩型锂矿地质概况（据Kendall-Langley et al., 2020）
Figure 4. Distribution of lithium pegmatite deposits in Western Australia Craton (after Kendall-Langley et al., 2020)
![]()
图 5 皮廷加成矿省Madeira花岗岩和Agua Boa花岗岩地质图（据Costi et al., 2002）
Figure 5. Geology map of Madeira granite and Agua Boa granite in Pitinga (after Costi et al., 2002)
![]()
图 6 基巴拉褶皱带地质略图(改自Fernandez-Alonso et al., 2012)
Figure 6. Simplified geological map of Kibara fold belt(modified from Fernandez-Alonso et al., 2012)
表 1 铌钽矿床类型划分（据British Geological Survey, 2011）
Table 1 Classification of global Nb-Ta deposits(after British Geological Survey, 2011)
下载: 导出CSV
-
Bleiwas D I, Papp J F, Yager T R. 2015. Shift in Global Tantalum Mine Production, 2000-2014: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2015-3079[R]. 6.
Bradley D, McCauley A. 2013. A Preliminary Deposit Model for Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) Pegmatites[R]. U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report.
British Geological Survey. 2011. Nature environment research council[R]. Nottingham.
Cai Xiao, Song Yang, Wang Denghong, Li Jiankang, Zhou Wei, Ding Haiyang. 2013. Distribution rules and metallogenic geological characteristics of important foreign niobium-tantalum deposits[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica(Supp. ), 193-194(in Chinese).
Cao Fei, Yang Huipan, Zhang Liang, Wang Wei. 2019. Current situation and trend analysis of global tantalum and niobium mineral resources[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 39(5): 56-89 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Černý P. 1991. Rare-element granitic pegmatites, part II-Regional to global environments and petrogenesis[J]. Geoscience Canada, 18(2): 68-81. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/285711507_rare-element_granitic_pegmatites_part_ii_regional_to_global_environments_and_petrogenesis
Černý P, Ercit T S. 2005. The classification of granitic pegmatites revisited[J]. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43: 2005-2026. doi: 10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.2005
Costi H T, Dall Agnol R, Borges R M K, Minuzzi O R R. 2002. Tin-bearing sodic episyenites associated with the Proterozoic, A-type Agua Boa granite, Pitinga Mine, Amazonian Craton, Brazil[J]. Gondwana Research, 5(2): 435-451. doi: 10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70734-6
Costi H T. 2009. The peralkaline tin-mineralized madeira cryolite albite-rich granite of Pitinga, Amazonian Craton, Brazil: Petrography, mineralogy, and crystallization processes[J]. Canadian Mineralogist, 47: 1301-1327. doi: 10.3749/canmin.47.6.1301
Dewaele S, Tack L, Fernandez Alonso M, Boyce A J. 2008. Geology and mineralisation of the Gatumba area, Rwanda: Present state of knowledge[J]. Etudes Rwandaises, 16: 6-24. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/264542184_Geology_and_mineralization_at_the_Gatumba_area_Present_state_of_knowledge
Dewaele S, Henjes-Kunst F, Melcher F, Sitnikova M, Burgess R, Gerdes A, Fernandez M A, Clercq F D, Muchez P, Lehmann B. 2011. Late Neoproterozoic overprinting of the cassiterite and columbite-tantalite bearing pegmatites of the Gatumba area, Rwanda (Central Africa)[J]. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 61(1): 10-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.04.004
Dewaele S, Hulsbosch N, Cryns Y, Boyce A J. 2015. Geological setting and timing of the world-class Sn, Nb-Ta and Li mineralization of Manono-Kitotolo (Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo)[J]. Ore Geology Review, 72: 373-390. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Niels_Hulsbosch2/publication/282563504_Geological_setting_and_timing_of_the_world-class_Sn_Nb-Ta_and_Li_mineralization_of_Manono-Kitotolo_Katanga_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo/links/576265b508ae2b8d20ed6efa.pdf
Doig R, Barton J M. 1968. Ages of carbonatites and other alkaline rock in Québec[J]. Canada Journal of Earth Science, 7: 22-28. http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000036855565210_20fa.html
Dorion J F, Hosseini Z. 2013. Implementation of a seismic system at Niobec Mine[C]//47th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. San Francisco, California.
Fernandez-Alonso M, Cutten H, De Waele B De, Tack L, Tahon A, Baudet D, Barritt S D. 2012. The Mesoproterozoic Karagwe-Ankole Belt (formerly the NE Kibara Belt): The result of prolonged extensional intracratonic basin development punctuated by two short-lived far-field compressional events[J]. Precambrian Research, 216-219: 63-86. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.06.007
Fetherston J M. 2004. Tantalum in western Australia[J]. Mineral Re-sources Bulletin, 22: 63-89.
Hulsbosch N, Hertogen J, Dewaele S, Andre L, Muchez P. 2014. Alkali metal and rare earth element evolution of rock-forming minerals from the Gatumba area pegmatites (Rwanda): Quantitative assessment of crystal-melt fractionation in the regional zonation of pegmatite groups[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 132: 349-374. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.006
Hulsbosch N, Boiron M C, Dewaele S, Muchez P. 2016. Fluid fractionation of tungsten during granite-pegmatite differentiation and the metal source of peribatholitic W quartz veins: Evidence from the Karagwe-Ankole Belt (Rwanda)[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 175: 299-318. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.020
Jacobson M I, Calderwood M A, Grguric B A. 2007. Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia[M]. Carlisle W A: Hes-perian Press.
Kaeter D, Barros R, Menuge J F, Chew D M. 2018. The magmatic-hydrothermal transition in rare-element pegmatites from southeast Ireland: LA-ICP-MS chemical mapping of muscovite and columbite-tantalite[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 240: 98-130. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.08.024
Kendall-Langley L A, Kemp A I S, Grigson J L, Hammerli J. 2020. U-Pb and reconnaissance Lu-Hf isotope analysis of cassiterite and columbite group minerals from Archean Li-Cs-Ta type pegmatites of Western Australia[J]. Lithos, 352-353: 105-231. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ChlQZXJpb2RpY2FsRW5nTmV3UzIwMjEwMzAyEiAzYWY0MmFiNTZlODIwNzNhNDFhZjUyMmFkYzBiODM1NxoIdmVkOXUyaDE%3D
Küster D. 2009. Granitoid-hosted Ta mineralization in the Arabian-Nubian Shield-ore deposit types, tectono-metallogenetic setting and petrogenetic framework[J]. Ore Geology Review, 35: 68-86. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2008.09.008
Lehmann B, Halder S, Ruzindana Munana J, Ngizimana J P, Biryabarema M. 2014. The geochemical signature of rare-metal pegmatites in Central Africa: Magmatic rocks in the Gatumba tin-tantalum mining district, Rwanda[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 144 (Part C): 528-538. http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000036044284810_564b.html
Li Jiankang, Li Peng, Wang Denghong, Li Xiangjie. 2019. A review of niobium and tantalum metallogenic regularity in China[J]. Chinese Sciences Bulletin, 64(15): 1545-1566 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1360/N972018-00933
Mackay D A R, Simandl G J. 2014. Geology, market and supply chain of niobium and tantalum——A review[J]. Mineralium Deposita, 49: 1025-1047. doi: 10.1007/s00126-014-0551-2
Makanga J F, Edou-Minko A. 2003. Etude petrographique et geochimique du complexe annulaire de mabounie (Ga-bon)[J]. African Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1): 67-77. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/272339342_Etude_Petrographique_et_Geochimique_du_Complexe_Annulaire_de_Mabounie_Gabon
McCausland P J, Pisarevsky S, Jourdan F, Higgins M. 2009. Laurentia at 571 Ma: Preliminary paleomagnetism and Ar-Ar age of the Ediacaran St Honore alkali intrusion, Quebec[C]//Proceedings, American Geophysical Union-Geological Association of Canada-Mineralogical Association of Canada-Canadian Geophysical Union, Joint Assembly, Toronto, Abstract GA12A-01.
Melcher F, Graupner T, Gäbler H-E, Sitnkova M, Henjes-Kunst F, Oberthus T, Gerdes A, Dewaele S. 2015. Tan-talum-(niobium-tin) mineralization in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: Constraints from Ta-Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology[J]. Ore Geology Review, 64: 667-719. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.09.003
Mitchell R H. 2005. Mineralogical and experimental constraints on the origions of niobium mineralization in carbonatites[G]//Linnen R L, Samson I M(eds. ). Rare-element Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits: Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes.
Nicolas D K. 1962. The economic geology of columbium (Niobium) and of tantalum[J]. Economic Geology, 57(3): 377-404. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.57.3.377
Partington G A, McNaughton N J, Williams I S. 1995. A review of the geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Greenbushes pegmatite, Western Australia[J]. Economic Geology, 90: 616-635. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.616
Pirajno F, González-álvarez I, Border A, Porter M. 2017. Mount Weld and Gifford Creek Rare Earth Elements Carbon-Atites[R]. Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), Monograph, 32: 163-166.
Pohl W L, Biryabarema M, Lehmann B. 2013. Early Neoproterozoic rare metal (Sn, Ta, W) and gold metallogeny of the Central Africa Region: A review[J]. Applied Earth Science, 122(2): 66-82. doi: 10.1179/1743275813Y.0000000033
Saeidi A, Heidarzadeh S, Lalancette S, Rouleau A. 2020. The effects of in situ stress uncertainties on the assessment of open stope stability: Case study at the Niobec Mine, Quebec(Canada)[J]. Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment, 25: 1-13. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352380820300460
Schulz K J, Piatak N M, Papp J F. 2017. Niobium and tantalum, chapter M of critical mineral resources of the United States: economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply[R]. USGS Professional Paper 1802, M1-M34.
Simandl G J, Burr R O, Trueman D L, Paradis S. 2018. Tantalum and niobium: Deposits, resources, exploration methods and market-a primer for geoscientists[J]. Journal of the Geological Association of Canada, 85-96. doi: 10.1002/9781118755341.ch15
Sweetapple M T, Holmes J, Young J, Grigson M W. 2017. Pilgangoora Lithium-Tantalum Pegmatite Deposit[R]. Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), Monograph 32: 339-342.
Sweetapple M T, Collins P L F. 2002. Genetic framework for the classification and distribution of Archean rare metal peg-matites in the North Pilbara craton, western Australia[J]. Economic Geology, 97: 873-895. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.97.4.873
Tkachev A V, Rundqvist D V, Vishnevskaya N A. 2019. Global metallogny of tantalum through geological time[J]. Geology of Ore Deposit, 61(6): 512-529. doi: 10.1134/S1075701519060060
Tassinari C C G, Macambira M J B. 1999. Geochronological provinces of the Amazonian craton[J]. Episodes, 22: 174-182. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i3/004
Tremblay J, Bedard L P, Matton G. 2017. Columbitization of fluorcalciopyrochlore by hydrothermalism at the Saint- Honore alkaline complex, Quebec(Canada): new insights on halite in carbonatites[J]. Ore Geology Review, 91: 695-707. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.027
Trumbull R B. 1993. A petrological and Rb/Sr isotopic study of an early Archean fertile granite-pegmatite system: the Sinceni Pluton in Swaziland[J]. Precambrian Research, 61: 89-116. doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90059-B
Wang Wei, Hou Kejun, Wang Denghong, Yuan Linping, Liu Lijun, Lu Bingting. 2020. Columbite -Tantalite U-Pb dating of Yanshanina rare metal mineralization in western Sichuan[J]. Geology in China, 47(3): 890-891(in Chinese with English abstract).
Woolley A R, Kjarsgaard B A. 2008. Carbonatite occurrences of the world-Map and database[R]. Geological Survey of Canada Open File, 579-628.
Wu Xuemin, Zhou Minjuan, Luo Xicheng, Zhou Jianting. 2016. The metallogenic conditions and prospection potential of lithium and rare metals in northwestern Jiangxi[J]. East China Geology, 37(4): 275-283(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HSDZ201604008.htm
Yang Yuandong, Li Jiye, Zhu Yongping, Liu Junyuan. 2020. Geological characteristics of a pegmatite niobium and tantalum deposit in the east of Manono, Congo[J]. Mineral Exploration, 11(7): 1428-1435(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zeng Yong, Guo Weiming, Yao Chunyan, Zheng Di, Liu Junan, Xu Ming, Shen Mangting, Shen Xuehua. 2020. The Characteristics and Mineralization Potential of South American Craton Mineral Resources[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 203-205(in Chinese).
曹飞, 杨卉芃, 张亮, 王威. 2019. 全球钽铌矿产资源开发利用现状及趋势[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 39(5): 56-89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KCBH201905007.htm 蔡肖, 宋扬, 王登红, 李健康, 周伟, 丁海洋. 2013. 国外重要铌钽矿床分布规律及成矿地质特征[J]. 矿物学报(增刊), 193-194. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KWXB2013S2108.htm 李健康, 李鹏, 王登红, 李兴杰. 2019. 中国铌钽矿成矿规律[J]. 科学通报, 64(15): 1545-1566. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201915002.htm 王伟, 侯可军, 王登红, 袁蔺平, 刘丽君, 吕秉廷. 2020. 川西燕山期稀有金属铌钽铁矿U-Pb年龄报道[J]. 中国地质, 47(3): 890-891. http://geochina.cgs.gov.cn/geochina/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200328&flag=1 吴学敏, 周敏娟, 罗喜成, 周建廷. 2016. 江西西北部锂及稀有金属成矿条件及找矿潜力分析[J]. 华东地质, 37(4): 275-283. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HSDZ201604008.htm 杨远东, 李继业, 祝永平, 刘均沅. 2020. 刚果(金)马诺诺(Manono)东部某伟晶岩型铌钽矿地质特征[J]. 矿产勘查, 11(7): 1428-1435. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7801.2020.07.015 曾勇, 郭维民, 姚春彦, 郑镝, 刘君安, 徐鸣, 沈莽庭, 沈雪华. 2020. 南美克拉通矿产资源特征与成矿潜力[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 203-205.
计量
- 文章访问数: 3615
- HTML全文浏览量: 1020
- PDF下载量: 4409
