Early Cretaceous spore and pollen assemblage from the Yixian Formation in the Qianjiadian Depression of Kailu Basin and its paleoclimate evolution
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摘要:
研究白垩纪植物演替与气候变化对认识现今生态环境形成过程与演变具有重要意义。开鲁盆地义县组孢粉学的研究不仅丰富了该地区早白垩世孢粉学资料，也为该地区早白垩世地层划分与对比提供了依据。通过对开鲁盆地东北部钱家店凹陷钻孔QIV-65-136底部泥岩样品分析，获得了丰富的孢粉化石，并建立了Cyathidites-Pinuspollenites-Protoconiferus组合。根据典型分子时代分布、重要种属含量上的变化及横向组合对比，确定其地质时代为早白垩世早期，层位相当于义县组。孢粉植物群反映的植被景观为在湖盆的周围山地生长着松科高大乔木，伴有罗汉松科、杉科及少量苏铁科、南美杉科、掌鳞杉科等植物，林下、湖岸地区生长着桫椤科、紫萁科及莎草蕨科等蕨类植物。整体面貌以针叶植物为主，所处的气候环境为湿润的暖温带-亚热带。
Abstract:The study of plant succession and climate change in Cretaceous is of great significance for the understanding of formation and evolution of the present ecological environment. The study on the palynology from the Yixian Formation can provide palynology data and lay the basis on Early Cretaceous stratigraphic classification and correlation in the northeastern area of Kailu basin. Based on the analysis of sporo-pollen fossils of 47 species from 39 genera recognized from the bottom of well QIV-65-136 in the Qianjiadian depression, Kailu Basin, the Cyathidites-Pinuspollenites-Protoconiferus assemblage was established. According to the age range of typical species, content change on key species and horizontal contrast, this assemblage should be dated as the early Early Creataceous, the horizon is equivalent to the Yixian Formation. The palynoflora shows the Coniferales plants on the high elevation mountain around the lake, accompanied by Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cycadaceae, Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae plants, the fern such as Osmundaceae, Cyatheaceae, Schizaeaceae plants growing under the trees near the lake. Vegetation is occupied by coniferous, representing a humid temperate to subtropical zone.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
尼玛盆地构造上位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中部，是发育在侏罗系—白垩系海相地层之上的古近系陆相裂谷盆地，北接羌塘地块，南邻冈底斯地块，近东西向展布，面积约3000 km2。本次研究目的是初步查明尼玛盆地东部冻土发育特征，调查盆地东部古近系地层层序，获取古近系烃源岩、储盖层等关键评价参数，进一步评价盆地油气资源潜力。
结合新获取的大地电磁测深、地表地质调查及藏尼地1井资料，通过对盆地东部石油地质条件的进一步论证，中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心在盆地东部赛布错坳陷部署实施了藏双地1井，该井的实施对于西藏高原陆相盆地的油气勘探具有重要意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过资料的收集和重新处理解释，建立了尼玛盆地基础资料数据库，结合之前在尼玛盆地东部发现的油气显示带及最新的大地电磁测深和藏尼地1井资料，优选井位。藏双地1井完钻井深1206.78 m，全井段进行了取心、录井和测井，共有岩心407箱，岩心总长1108.88 m，收获率95.9%。在古近系牛堡组选取烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析测试，通过分析有机质丰度、有机质类型、热演化成熟度来评价烃源岩生烃潜力；使用荧光分析仪对岩石进行荧光分析，主要进行干照和滴照实验，来检测岩石、岩屑中的沥青、烃类等有机物质。
3. 结果（Results）
藏双地1井从上到下钻遇地层依次为第四系+ 新近系—牛堡组三段—牛堡组二段（未穿），气测录井有3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，岩性为棕红色粉砂岩、灰色细砂岩。含气量解析取样井段527.90~1206.78 m，共取样54个，现场解析在标准大气压下最高含气量为0.213 m3/t；共做浸水试验20个，拍摄视频20个，其中井深744.40 m、752.08 m、767.30 m、774.66 m、797.20 m、832.43 m均有气泡冒出，以井深752.08 m最为明显。
荧光录井井段0~1206.78 m，对全井岩心按设计逐包进行荧光直照、拍照、氯仿浸泡，定级；全井共录取荧光资料421个点，其中井深1024.23~1026.23 m牛二段灰绿色泥岩断面处，可见黑色薄膜状干沥青，具荧光显示，干照下呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状，用氯仿滴照可呈片状；井深1077.46~1077.76 m牛二段见油迹；井深1078.16~1078.76 m牛二段见点状干沥青；井深1078.76~1079.16 m牛二段层理间见油斑；井深1079.16~1080.16 m牛二段顶部断面处见油迹，都具有荧光显示，呈黄色、淡黄色，产状为星点状、带状（图 1）。
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图 1 藏双地1井牛堡组二段录井柱状图及1079.16~1080.16 m油气显示Figure 1. Logging histogram and the oil and gas display in 1079.16-1080.16m of the second member of Niubao formation in Well Zangshuangdi 14. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）藏双地1井全井取心，获得了尼玛盆地东部古近系地层层序、烃源岩及储层等相关参数，分别在牛三段418.43~422.00 m、牛二段890.00~898.00 m及1068.16~1087.00 m发现3处气测异常段，总烃最高为0.159%，现场解析含气量值最大为0.213 m3/t，并在牛二段1077~1080 m处发现不同级别的油气显示，首次实现了尼玛盆地地下油气的重要发现，对盆地下一步的勘探部署具有重要意义。
（2）本井是继藏尼地1井后在西藏尼玛盆地部署实施的第2口地质调查井，通过对藏双地1井的钻井技术攻关，进一步总结出了适合高寒缺氧、地表及地下地质条件复杂的高原钻井施工工艺和设备参数，为下一步在该区钻井施工提供了重要的技术支撑。
尼玛盆地平均海拔近4800 m，由于其高海拔的特殊性，具有高寒缺氧、气候恶劣、生态脆弱等特征，在野外施工过程中与其他地区有着很大的不同，通过藏尼地1井、藏双地1井的钻探，克服了高寒条件下冻土发育钻井技术难题和高原缺氧条件下深井取心难题，基本形成了一套安全、环保、高效的作业技术体系，为高原地区的钻探施工工程积累了丰富的经验。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
感谢李韬、李显亮等同志的交流和启发。
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图 1 研究区地质略图（a，据罗毅等，2012；荣辉等，2016修改）与地层综合柱状图（b，据陈为佳等，2014修改）
Figure 1. Geological map (a, modified from Luo et al., 2012; Rong et al., 2016) and comprehensive column (b, modified from Chen et al., 2014) of the study area
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图 2 开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷QIV-65-136井孢粉化石分布
Figure 2. Distribution of spores and pollen from well QIV-65-136 in Qianjiadian depression
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图 3 开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷QIV-65-136井代表性孢粉化石
1~4—三角孢属；5~7—紫萁孢属；8，9—希指蕨孢属；10，11—有孔孢属；12，13—桫椤孢属；14—弓脊孢属；15—石松粉属；16—假云杉粉属；17—松粉属；18—油杉粉属；19—原始松粉属；20，21—罗汉松粉属；22—苏铁粉属；23—克拉梭粉属；24—同心粉属；25—广口粉属；26—原始松柏粉属
Figure 3. Representative spores and pollen from well QIV-65-136 in Qianjiadian depression
1-4-Deltoidospora sp.; 5~7-Osmundacidites sp.; 8, 9-Schizaeoisporites sp.; 10, 11-Foraminisporis sp.; 12, 13-Cyathidites sp.; 14-Retusotriletes sp.; 15-Lycopodiumsporites sp.; 16-Pseudopicea sp.; 17-Pinuspollenites sp.; 18-Keteleeriaepollenites sp.; 19-Protopinus sp.; 20, 21-Podocarpidites sp.; 22-Cycadopites sp.; 23-Classopollis sp.; 24-Concentrisporites sp.; 25-Chasmatosporites sp.; 26-Protoconiferus sp.
表 1 开鲁盆地钱家店凹陷QIV-65-136井下白垩统孢粉化石百分含量统计
Table 1 Statistics of the Lower Cretaceous spores and pollen from well QIV-65-136 in Qianjiadian depression
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