Structural deformation and fluid evolution associated with the formation of the Sawayardun gold deposit in Southwestern Tianshan Orogen
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摘要:研究目的
构造-流体与成矿的耦合关系属于目前矿床学研究的前沿问题，造山型金矿作为典型受构造变形控制的热液矿床，是窥探构造-流体与成矿作用内在联系的理想研究对象。
研究方法萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床是西南天山地区规模最大的造山型金矿，通过野外构造解析，流体包裹体和C-H-O-S同位素地球化学数据，研究矿区的构造变形特征，分析成矿流体性质及其成矿物质来源。
研究结果矿区变形可分3期：早期为韧性变形、中期为脆-韧性变形、晚期为脆性变形。根据脉体穿切关系和变形特征，识别出3期与构造相对应的石英脉（Qz1，Qz2，Qz3），其中Qz2为含金石英脉体，金矿主要形成于第二期的脆-韧性变形期。室内观测发现，早、中期石英中发育CO2-H2O型、纯CO2型和H2O溶液型3种类型流体包裹体，晚期仅发育水溶液型包裹体。早期石英中包裹体均一温度为237~386℃，盐度为1.4%~9.2% NaCl equiv.；中期石英获得CO2-H2O和水溶液包裹体均一温度为204~310℃，盐度为0.5%~16.6% NaCl equiv.；晚期水溶液包裹体具有较低的均一温度（125~235℃）和盐度（0.2%~10.6% NaCl equiv.）。根据CO2-H2O型包裹体计算早、中期的流体压力分别为267 MPa和208~253 MPa，对应形成的深度分别为10 km，8~9 km。同位素分析结果揭示，成矿的流体具有变质流体以及大气降水的特征，成矿物质主要来源于赋矿地层-古生代碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造。
结论萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床晚古生代经历了早期挤压向晚期走滑伸展的转变；早期NW-SE向的挤压作用促使地层变质脱水产生了大量富CO2、低盐度的变质流体，形成无矿石英脉；在构造变形转向走滑伸展时，造山带抬升剥蚀，流体压力降低并发生不混溶或沸腾作用，CO2等气体逃逸，诱发浅源大气降水加入并与变质热液混合，导致大量成矿物质快速沉淀成矿。
创新点: 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿晚古生代经历了两期变形作用，成矿主要与晚期变形密切相关；结合成矿作用特征研究，建立了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿构造-流体与成矿模式图。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveThe relationship between structure-fluid and mineralization is a frontier problem in modern study of mineral deposit. The orogenic-type gold deposits are hosted in fault zone, and are representative target to study structural deformation and fluid evolution responsible for mineralization process.
MethodsThe Sawayardun orogenic-type gold lode system is the largest gold deposit in the Southwestern Tianshan Orogen, northwestern China. Basing on results of structural analysis, fluid inclusions and C-H-O-S isotope, natures of ore-controlling structure and ore-fluid, and metal source were studied.
ResultsThe structural deformation at the Sawayardun mine can be divided into the early ductile, middle ductile-brittle, and late brittle stages, according to the crosscutting relationships of veins, and macro and micro structures. The three-stage deformation process associated with three kinds of quartz veins (Qz1, Qz2, Qz3) from early to late, with gold mineralization being mainly introduced in middle stage. Quartz formed in the early and middle stages (Qz1 and Qz2) contains three compositional types of fluid inclusions, i.e. pure CO2, CO2-H2O and NaCl-H2O, but the late-stage minerals only contain the NaCl-H2O inclusions. The inclusions trapped in the early, middle and late stages yield total homogenization temperatures of 237℃-386℃, 204℃ -310℃, and 125℃-235℃, respectively, with corresponding salinities of 1.4-9.2, 0.5-16.6, and 0.2%-10.6% NaCl equiv., respectively. The minimum trapping pressures estimated from CO2-H2O inclusions are 267 MPa and 208-253 MPa in the early and middle stages, corresponding to lithostatic depths of 10 km and 8~9 km, respectively. The isotope systematics shows the nature of metamorphic and meteoric fluids and the hostrocks (Palaeozoic clastic and carbonate sediments) to be a significant source of ore metals.
ConclusionsThe structural deformation features at Sawayardun indicate that the mineralization was associated with the tectonic transition from the early NW-SE-trending compression to the late strike-slip extension. The early compression caused the metamorphism and metamorphic dehydration of the Palaeozoic clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks, resulting in the formation of the low salinity, CO2-rich fluids and the early-stage barren quartz veins. Coupling with the tectonic transition from compression to strike-slip extension, the crust was rapidly uplifted and eroded, the fluid system depressurized and boiled, and mixed with and input by and mixed with the meteoric water, causing rapid escape of gases such as CO2 and deposition of ore-metals such as Au.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
勘探实践证明，志留系是我国目前最为有利、最有前景的页岩气勘探开发层系，已在四川盆地的涪陵、长宁—威远等地区取得了页岩气重大突破，进入商业开发阶段。基础地质调查表明，四川盆地周缘地区志留系黑色页岩发育，尤其是鄂西—渝东北地区，志留系底部龙马溪组富含笔石黑色页岩发育，厚度大，页岩有机质丰度高，生烃潜力大。20世纪80年代以来，中石化、中石油实施的常规油气钻井，在志留系龙马溪组均见到了不同程度的页岩气显示，展示了其良好的页岩气勘探前景，但目前尚未取得突破性的进展。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过野外地质调查、老井复查、分析测试及综合研究，结合区域构造特征、岩相古地理、目的层埋深等条件，对鄂西—渝东北地区志留系龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件进行了系统的研究，以保存条件为核心，优选鄂西建始—巴东志留系页岩气勘查有利区，在建始龙坪背斜南翼部署实施了1口地质调查井——建地1井，全井段进行了取心、气测录井，和测井工作。通过对建地1井志留系龙马溪组、新滩组、罗惹坪组岩心样品进行系统采样，测试了有机地化、岩石矿物学、储层物性和含气性等评价参数，建立了志留系页岩气综合地质剖面。
3. 研究结果（Results）
建地1井钻探资料揭示志留系自上而下发育纱帽组、罗惹坪组、新滩组和龙马溪组。其中龙马溪组和下伏上奥陶统五峰组为一套富含笔石的黑色页岩，厚度为43.7 m。实验测试分析表明，五峰—龙马溪组页岩有机质丰度高，介于0.2% ~11.24%，平均为4.39%，其中TOC>2%的页岩厚度至少25 m，主要位于龙马溪组底部和五峰组（图 1）。页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型，热成熟度（Ro）介于2.5%~2.9%，处于过成熟早期阶段。新滩组为一套薄—中层状灰色—深灰色粉砂岩或泥质粉砂岩。岩心储层物性研究数据表明，粉砂岩孔隙度介于5.6%~11.24%，储层空气渗透率介于0.0455~1.6712 mD，平均为0.777 mD，为典型的致密砂岩储层。其上覆罗惹坪组为一套厚层状深灰绿色泥岩，渗透率普遍低于10-6mD。综合以上，建始地区志留系发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）致密砂岩气的生储盖组合，具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气同生共存的成藏组合。
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图 1 建地1井志留系综合柱状图Figure 1. Comprehensive columnar section of the Silurian strata in Jiandi 1 well建地1井随钻气测录井资料显示，该井钻至1345 m下志留统新滩组深灰色泥页岩地层时，气测全烃0.09%↑21.5%，甲烷0.087%↑19.89%，现场泥浆脱离气点火成功。其中1190~1738 m全烃异常值大于大于2%的地层累计厚93 m（图 1），综合解释为含气层。这是鄂西—渝东北复杂构造区志留系首次获得致密砂岩气发现，有望打开该地区油气勘探开发新局面。另外，该井钻至井深1738.55~1782.25 m五峰龙马溪组黑色页岩时，全烃异常值0.93%~ 11.07%，甲烷0.55%~9.70%。黑色页岩富含笔石化石，岩心浸水气泡明显，21个岩心样品现场解析含气量平均达0.92 m3（不含损失气、残余气）。建地1井钻探证实了建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）建地1井钻探揭示湖北建始地区发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）的致密砂岩气生储盖组合。五峰—龙马溪组富有机质页岩厚度大、有机质丰度高，热成熟度适中，生烃能力好；新滩组为典型的致密砂岩储层。志留系具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气共存的特点。
（2）随钻气测录井资料显示，建地1井新滩组致密砂岩储层、五峰—龙马溪组页岩储层均见到良好的油气显示，揭示建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为中国地质调查项目鄂西页岩气示范基地拓展区战略调查（DD20189812）资助的成果。感谢翟刚毅、石砥石教授级高工的指导和帮助。
致谢: 野外工作得到的新疆自治区305项目办公室领导和同事的大力支持; 实验工作得到中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所张增杰博士的帮助; 三位评审人提出了宝贵的修改意见，特致谢意！ -
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图 1 天山造山带构造简图(a，据Zhang et al., 2017修改)及西南天山区域地质及矿床分布示意图(b)
1—第四系；2—新近系—古近系；3—中生界；4—二叠系；5—石炭—泥盆系；6—下古生界；7—前寒武系；8—花岗岩
Figure 1. Tectonic map of deposits of the Tianshan Orogen (a, modified from Zhang et al., 2017) and geology and distribution of deposits of the Southwestern Tianshan Orogen (b)
1-Quaternary; 2-Neogene-Paleogene; 3-Mesozoic; 4-Permain; 5-Carboniferous-Devonian; 6-Lower Paleozoic; 7-Precambrian; 8-Granite
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图 2 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿区地质简图
(据新疆地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队, 2015, 有修改)
Figure 2. Simplified geological map of the Sawayardun gold deposit
(modified from Geological Team No. 2, Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2015)
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图 3 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿Ⅳ号矿化带23勘探线剖面图
(据新疆地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队, 2015, 有修改)
Figure 3. Geological section of No.23 prospecting line of No. Ⅳ mineralized zone at the Sawayardun gold deposit
modified from (Geological Team No. 2, Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2015)
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图 4 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿野外照片
a—韧性变形的炭质千枚岩，早期石英脉变形呈小褶皱(镜头朝向北东)；b—早期韧性变形的强片理化千枚岩及内部发育的早期石英脉；c—成矿期韧脆性矿化蚀变带；d—晚期脆性变形，发育石英细脉切穿前期构造
Figure 4. Field photos of the Sawayardun gold deposit
a- Ductile deformed carbonaceous phyllite with small folds of early quartz vein deformation (camera faces northeast); b- Early- stage quartz occurring in carbonaceous phyllite in early ductile deformation stage; c- Ductile and brittle mineralized alteration zone during gold metallogenic period; d-Quartz veinlets crosscutting the earlier formed quartz veins in late brittle deformation stage
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图 5 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿矿石岩相学照片
a—早期石英脉；b, c—成矿期石英-多金属硫化物脉；d—晚期石英-碳酸盐细脉；e—早期石英亚颗粒、不均匀消光；f—成矿期石英-多金属硫化物脉和晚期石英-碳酸盐细脉；g—早期黄铁矿集合体形成透镜体；h—早期石英-黄铁矿脉和成矿期石英-多金属硫化物脉
Figure 5. Photos showing ore petrography of the Sawayardun gold deposit
a-Early-stage quartz vein; b, c-Middle-stage quartz-polymetallic sulfide vein; d-Late-stage carbonate-quartz veinlet; e-Early-stage quartz showing subgrain structure and wavy extinction; f-Middle-stage quartz-polymetallic sulfide vein and late-stage carbonate-quartz veinlet; gEarly-stage pyrite aggregate showing lens; h-Early-stage quartz-pyrite vein and middle-stage quartz-polymetallic sulfide vein
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图 6 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床流体包裹体岩相学特征
a—与硫化物共生石英中的包裹体；b, c—富液相的C2型包裹体；d—共存的富气相C1型和PC型包裹体；e—共存的C型和W型包裹体，显示流体不混溶或沸腾特征；VH2O —气相H2O；LH2O —液相H2O；VCO2 —气相CO2；LCO2 —液相CO2；FIs—流体包裹体
Figure 6. Photomicrographs of fluid inclusions in quartz from the Sawayardun gold deposit.
a-Fluid inclusions in sulfide-coexisting quartz of main-stage; b, c-CO2-poor fluid inclusions (C2 type); d-Coexisting C-type and PC-type fluid inclusions in main-stage quartz; e-Coexistence of the W-type and C-type fluid inclusions, implying for fluid boiling; VCO2-vapor CO2; LCO2, -liquid CO2; VH2O -vapor H2O; LH2O - liquid H2O; FIs- fluid inclusions
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图 7 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿各阶段流体包裹体均一温度和盐度直方图
Figure 7. Histograms of homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz from the Sawayardun gold deposit
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图 8 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿流体包裹体拉曼图谱
a—CO2-H2O包裹体液相中的H2O；b—贫CO2包裹体(C1型)气相成分含N2和CH4；c—富CO2包裹体(C2型)气相成分含N2和CH4；d—纯CO2包裹体气相成分含N2和CH4
Figure 8. Representative raman spectra of fluid inclusions of the Sawayardun gold deposit.
a-Spectrum for liquid bubbles of CO2-H2O inclusions; b- Spectrum for vapor bubbles of CO2- poor fluid inclusions (C1 type), containing variable contents of N2 and CH4, in addition to CO2; c-Spectrum for vapor bubbles of CO2-rich fluid inclusions (C2 type), showing variable contents of N2 and CH4, in addition to CO2; d-Spectrum for pure CO2 inclusions, containing variable CH4 and N2, in addition to CO2
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图 9 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿成矿流体的δ18O-δD组成(底图据Taylor, 1997, 其他矿床数据引用文献见正文)
Figure 9. δ18O-δD plots of the ore fluids at the Sawayardun gold deposit (Domains for metamorphic and magmatic fluids are cited from Taylor (1997), and other deposits data are cited in the text)
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图 10 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的硫同位素分布特征(其他矿床数据引用文献见正文)
Figure 10. δ134S values of sulfides from the Sawayardun deposit (other deposits data are cited in the text)
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图 11 西南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金矿构造-流体与成矿模式图(b据陈衍景等, 2008; 陈衍景, 2013)
Figure 11. Structure-fluid and metallogenic model for the Sawayardun deposit, Southwestern Tianshan Orogen (modified from Chen Yanjing et al., 2008; Chen Yanjing, 2013)
表 1 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床石英流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1 Microthermometric data for fluid inclusions in quartz from the Sawayardun gold deposit
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 萨瓦亚尔顿金矿流体的δ18O，δD和δ13C(‰)
Table 2 The δ18O, δD and δ13C ratios (‰) of the Sawayardun gold deposit
下载: 导出CSV
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