Characteristics of silicon-calcium surface ore-controlling in Fengtai ore-concentration areas, West Qinling Mountains: Examples from Qiandongshan Pb-Zn deposit
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摘要:研究目的
西秦岭凤太矿集区是秦岭铅锌金多金属成矿带重要组成部分，但对矿集区铅锌矿的矿床类型和控矿因素一直存在争议。
研究方法通过对凤太矿集区内具有代表性的铅硐山铅锌矿进行详细的野外调查和资料梳理，论述了该矿床的硅钙面控矿特征。
研究结果认为作为凤太盆地铅锌矿底板的古道岭组灰岩，为偏碱性的Ca质岩石，顶板星红铺组千枚岩为Si质的岩石，形成了一个完美的Si/Ca界面。地层中初始富集的成矿物质在三叠纪岩浆热液作用下再次富集，并沿盆地内NWW向的一系列褶皱构造及同生断裂运移，在大型褶皱转折端、层间滑脱带等部位的Si/Ca界面聚集成矿。
结论据此认为区域上复式背斜转折端附近和其翼部的层间滑脱带、复式背斜的鞍部、层间滑脱带是成矿的有利部位。同时西秦岭印支期铅锌矿成矿作用与大规模的构造-岩浆活动在空间和时间上相耦合，矿集区内铅锌矿床类型为与岩浆活动有关的热液矿床。
创新点: 历年来凤太矿集区控矿特征争议较大，以典型矿床为例，利用硅钙面成矿理论，详细阐述了区内铅锌矿床的控矿特征。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
ObjectiveThe Fengtai ore-concentration area in the Western Qinling is an important part of the Qinling lead-zinc-gold polymetallic metallogenic belt. However, there has been a long running controversial debate about the type and ore-controlling factors of the lead-zinc ore-concentration area.
MethodsBased on the detailed field investigation and data combing of the representative Qiandongshan lead-zinc deposit in the Fengtai ore-concentration Area, the ore-controlling characteristics of the silicon-calcium surface of the deposit are discussed.
ResultsIt is considered that the bottom plate of the c in the Fengtai Basin is the limestone of the Gudaoling Formation, which is analkaline calcareous rock, and the top plate is the phyllite of the Xinghongpu Formation, which is a siliceous rock. They form a perfect Si/Ca interface. The initially enriched ore-forming materials in the stratumwere enriched again under the action of the Triassic magmatic hydrothermal fluid, andmigrates along a series of NWW-strikefold structures and syngeneic faults in the basin, therefore, they concentrate to form deposits at the Si/Ca interfaceof the turning end of large folds, interlayer slip zone, etc.
ConclusionsBased on this, it is considered that the interlayer slip zone near the turning end of the compound anticline and its wings, the saddle portion of the interticle, and the interlayer slip zone in the area are favorable areas for mineralization.At the same time, the metallogenesis of the Indosinian lead-zinc deposit in the Western Qinling was coupled with large-scale tectonic-magmatic activities in space and time. And the types of lead-zinc deposits in the ore-concentrated area are hydrothermal deposits related to magmatic activities.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
勘探实践证明，志留系是我国目前最为有利、最有前景的页岩气勘探开发层系，已在四川盆地的涪陵、长宁—威远等地区取得了页岩气重大突破，进入商业开发阶段。基础地质调查表明，四川盆地周缘地区志留系黑色页岩发育，尤其是鄂西—渝东北地区，志留系底部龙马溪组富含笔石黑色页岩发育，厚度大，页岩有机质丰度高，生烃潜力大。20世纪80年代以来，中石化、中石油实施的常规油气钻井，在志留系龙马溪组均见到了不同程度的页岩气显示，展示了其良好的页岩气勘探前景，但目前尚未取得突破性的进展。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
通过野外地质调查、老井复查、分析测试及综合研究，结合区域构造特征、岩相古地理、目的层埋深等条件，对鄂西—渝东北地区志留系龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件进行了系统的研究，以保存条件为核心，优选鄂西建始—巴东志留系页岩气勘查有利区，在建始龙坪背斜南翼部署实施了1口地质调查井——建地1井，全井段进行了取心、气测录井，和测井工作。通过对建地1井志留系龙马溪组、新滩组、罗惹坪组岩心样品进行系统采样，测试了有机地化、岩石矿物学、储层物性和含气性等评价参数，建立了志留系页岩气综合地质剖面。
3. 研究结果（Results）
建地1井钻探资料揭示志留系自上而下发育纱帽组、罗惹坪组、新滩组和龙马溪组。其中龙马溪组和下伏上奥陶统五峰组为一套富含笔石的黑色页岩，厚度为43.7 m。实验测试分析表明，五峰—龙马溪组页岩有机质丰度高，介于0.2% ~11.24%，平均为4.39%，其中TOC>2%的页岩厚度至少25 m，主要位于龙马溪组底部和五峰组（图 1）。页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型，热成熟度（Ro）介于2.5%~2.9%，处于过成熟早期阶段。新滩组为一套薄—中层状灰色—深灰色粉砂岩或泥质粉砂岩。岩心储层物性研究数据表明，粉砂岩孔隙度介于5.6%~11.24%，储层空气渗透率介于0.0455~1.6712 mD，平均为0.777 mD，为典型的致密砂岩储层。其上覆罗惹坪组为一套厚层状深灰绿色泥岩，渗透率普遍低于10-6mD。综合以上，建始地区志留系发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）致密砂岩气的生储盖组合，具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气同生共存的成藏组合。
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图 1 建地1井志留系综合柱状图Figure 1. Comprehensive columnar section of the Silurian strata in Jiandi 1 well建地1井随钻气测录井资料显示，该井钻至1345 m下志留统新滩组深灰色泥页岩地层时，气测全烃0.09%↑21.5%，甲烷0.087%↑19.89%，现场泥浆脱离气点火成功。其中1190~1738 m全烃异常值大于大于2%的地层累计厚93 m（图 1），综合解释为含气层。这是鄂西—渝东北复杂构造区志留系首次获得致密砂岩气发现，有望打开该地区油气勘探开发新局面。另外，该井钻至井深1738.55~1782.25 m五峰龙马溪组黑色页岩时，全烃异常值0.93%~ 11.07%，甲烷0.55%~9.70%。黑色页岩富含笔石化石，岩心浸水气泡明显，21个岩心样品现场解析含气量平均达0.92 m3（不含损失气、残余气）。建地1井钻探证实了建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）建地1井钻探揭示湖北建始地区发育一套五峰—龙马溪组（生）-新滩组（储）-罗惹坪组（盖）的致密砂岩气生储盖组合。五峰—龙马溪组富有机质页岩厚度大、有机质丰度高，热成熟度适中，生烃能力好；新滩组为典型的致密砂岩储层。志留系具有龙马溪组页岩气、新滩组致密砂岩气共存的特点。
（2）随钻气测录井资料显示，建地1井新滩组致密砂岩储层、五峰—龙马溪组页岩储层均见到良好的油气显示，揭示建始地区志留系具有致密砂岩气和页岩气兼探合采的勘查开发前景。
5. 致谢（Acknowledgement）
本文为中国地质调查项目鄂西页岩气示范基地拓展区战略调查（DD20189812）资助的成果。感谢翟刚毅、石砥石教授级高工的指导和帮助。
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图 1 西秦岭风太矿集区大地构造位置及地质简图（修改自Dong et al., 2012; 杨朋涛等，2013）
地层：K—白垩系；T—三叠系；P—二叠系；C—石炭系；D-泥盆系；S—志留系；PreЄ—前寒武系；断裂：F1-湘子河—黄柏源断裂（商丹缝合带）；F2—修石岩—观音峡断裂；F3—王家楞—二郎坝断裂；F4—倒回沟—拓梨园断裂；F5—酒奠梁—江口断裂；铅锌矿床（点）：1—谭家沟；2—银洞梁；3—峰崖；4—手搬崖；5—铅硐山；6—苇子坪—安沟；7—苇子坪—洞沟；8—尖端山；9-八方山—二里河；10—长沟；11—洞沟；12—银母寺；13—大黑沟；14—崖房湾；金矿床（点）：15—丝毛岭；16—八卦庙；17—双王；18—柴蚂；其他：1—花岗岩；2—断裂；3—地质界线和不整合界线；4—向斜；5—金矿床（点）及编号；6—铅锌矿床（点）及编号
Figure 1. Geological sketch map of the Fengtai ore cluster, Western Qingling(modified from Dong et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2013)
Layers: K—Cretaceous; T-Triassic; P-Permian; C-Carboniferous; D-Devonnian; S-Silurian; PreЄ-Precambrian; Faults: F1-Xiangzihe-Huangbaiyuan fault(Shangdan suture zone number); F2-Xiushiyan-Guanyinxia fault; F3-Wangjialeng- Erlangba fault; F4- Daohuigou-Tuoliyuan fault; F5-Jiudianliang-Jiangkou fault; Lead-zinc deposits (points): 1-Tanjiagou; 2-Yindongliang; 3-Fengya; 4- Shoubanya; 5-Qiandongshan; 6-Weiziping-Angou; 7-Weiziping-Donggou; 8- Jianduanshan; 9- Bafangshan-Erlihe; 10-Changgou; 11- Donggou; 12-Yinmusi; 13-Daheigou; 14-Yafangwan; Gold deposits(points): 15-Simaoling; 16-Baguamiao; 17-Shuangwang; 18-Chaima; Other: 1-Granite; 2-Fault; 3-Geological boundary and unconformity boundary; 4-Syncline; 5-Gold deposits(points) and number; 6-Lead-zinc deposits (points) and number
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图 2 铅硐山铅锌矿床地质简图（修编自吴军平等，2016）
1—第四系；2—上泥盆统星红铺组下段第三层；3—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第二层；4—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一层第二小层；5—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一层第一小层；6—中泥盆统古道岭组上岩性段第三层；7—石英脉；8—硅化铁白云岩；9—矿体及编号；10—正断层及编号；11—走滑断层及编号；12—背斜；13—勘探线剖面位置及编号
Figure 2. Geological sktech map of Qiandongshan Lead-Zinc deposit(modified from Wu et al., 2016)
1- Quaternary; 2- The third layer, lower section of the upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 3- The second layer, lower section of the upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 4- The first layer, lower section of the upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 5- The first small layer of first layer, lower section of the upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 6-The third layer, the upper lithological section of Middle Devonian Gudaoling Formation; 7-Quartz vein; 8-Iron silicide dolomite; 9-Ore body and number; 10- Normal fault and number; 11- Strike-slip fault and number; 12- Anticline; 13-The position of prospecting sections and number
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图 3 铅硐山铅锌矿床勘探线剖面（据吴军平等，2016修改）
1—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一层第二小层；2—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一层第一小层；3—中泥盆统古道岭组上岩性段第三层；4—矿体；5—钻孔位置
Figure 3. Prospecting sections in Qiandongshan Lead-Zinc Deposit (modified from Wu et al., 2016)
1- The second Lower Layer of Lower First Lithology Section Upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 2-The first Lower Layer of Lower First Lithology Section Upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 3-The third layer the upper lithological section of Middle Devonian Gudaoling Formation; 4-Ore body; 5- Drilling position
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图 4 铅硐山铅锌矿床赋矿围岩显微特征
a—硅质灰岩，石英呈微细粒，并交代细粒方解石；b—绢云母千枚岩，绢云母定向排列，石英呈微细颗粒；Srt—绢云母；Q—石英；Cal—方解石
Figure 4. Microscopic characteristics of the ore-forming surrounding rocks in Qiandongshan Lead-Zinc Deposit
a-Siliceous limestone, fine particles of quartz, and replaced with fine-grained calcite; b- Sericite phyllite, Oriented sericite, fine particles of quartz; Srt-Sericite; Q-Quartz; Cal-Calcite
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图 5 铅硐山铅锌矿床矿化蚀变带地表产出特征
a—绢云粉砂质千枚岩宏观特征；b—层间构造破碎带特征；c—破碎带内矿化特征；d—结晶灰岩宏观特征；1—绢云粉砂质千枚岩；2—结晶灰岩；3—蚀变带；4—压性断裂
Figure 5. Surface output characteristics of mineralized alteration zone of Pb-Zn deposit
a-Macro characteristics of seric silt phyllite; b-Characteristics of interlayer structural fracture zone; c-Mineralization characteristics in the fracture zone; d- Macro characteristics of crystalline limestone; 1- Seric silt phyllite; 2- Crystalline limestone; 3-Alteration zone; 4-Compressive fault
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图 6 铅硐山铅锌矿床主矿体立体示意图（修编自吴军平等，2016）
1—中泥盆统古道岭组上岩性段第三层；2—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一层第一小层；3—硅质铁白云岩；4—矿体及编号；5—断裂及编号
Figure 6. Sampling plan map of Qiandongshan Lead-Zinc Deposit(modified from Wu et al., 2016)
1-The third layer, the upper lithological section of Middle Devonian Gudaoling Formation; 2-The first Lower Layer, Lower First Lithology Sectionof Upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; 3-Iron silicide dolomite; 4-Ore body and number; 5-Fault and number
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图 7 铅硐山铅锌矿床综合剖面示意图
1—细砂岩；2—白云质绢云千枚岩；3—粉砂质绢云千枚岩；4—含炭钙质绢云千枚岩；5—炭质灰岩；6—硅质灰岩；7—结晶灰岩；8—Pb-Zn矿体；9—压性断裂；T1x2—下三叠统西河组；D3x13—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第三岩性层；D3x12—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第二岩性层；D3x11—上泥盆统星红铺组下岩性段第一岩性层；D2g2—中泥盆统古道岭组上岩性段
Figure 7. The comprehensive section of Qiandongshan Lead-Zinc Deposit
1-Fine sandstone; 2-Dolomite-sericite phyllite; 3-Silty-sericite phyllite; 4-Carbon-containing calcium sericite phyllite; 5-Carbon Limestone; 6- silicide limestone; 7-Crystalline limestone; 8-Pb-Zn ore body; 9-Compressive fault; T1x2-Lower Triassic Xihe formation; D3x13-The third lithology, lower lithology section of upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; D3x12-The second lithology, lower lithology section of upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; D3x11- The first lithology, lower lithology section of upper Devonian Xinghongpu Formation; D2g2-Upper lithological section of Middle Devonian Gudaoling Formation
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图 8 南秦岭中生代花岗岩类的时空分布图（底图修编自孟旭阳等，2013）
1—中生代闪长岩；2—中生代花岗岩；3—古生代花岗岩；4—元古代花岗岩；5—岩体年龄
Figure 8. Emporal and Spatial distribution of Mesozoic granites in the Southern Qinling Mountains (modified from Meng et al., 2013)
1-Mesozoic diorite; 2- Mesozoic granite; 3-Paleozoic granite; 4-Proterozoic granite; 5-Rock age
表 1 凤太矿集区典型铅锌矿床地质特征
Table 1 Geologial characteristics of typical lead-zinc deposits in the Fengtai Fengtai Ore-concentration area
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