Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks in Eastern Liuzhou, Guangxi: Constraint for source characteristics of magmas
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摘要:研究目的
柳东地区位于右江盆地东缘，近年来该地区早三叠世石炮组中首次发现一套火山岩夹层，为研究盆地东缘的构造演化特征提供了重要依据。
研究方法本文以新发现的柳东地区火山岩为研究对象，通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素分析，研究右江盆地东缘火山岩的形成时代及岩浆源区特征。
研究结果结果表明，火山岩的岩性为凝灰岩-凝灰质熔岩-凝灰质火山角砾岩组合，指示了典型的火山岩特征。其2件凝灰岩样品中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄分别为(244.0±1.9)Ma和(247.1±0.9)Ma，锆石微量元素（U、Th、Hf、Nb）表现出大陆岩浆弧属性特征。锆石Hf同位素结果显示εHf(t)为-13.2~-1.2，二阶段模式年龄（TDMC）为1.35~2.06 Ga，其岩浆源区主要为地壳物质，平均地壳存留年龄为1.7~2.06 Ga。
结论该火山岩夹层与其所出露的地层时代基本相符，属于早三叠世末期—中三叠世早期火山喷发产物，火山岩形成于火山弧-同碰撞的构造环境，代表了弧后盆地的沉积环境，与印支期古特提斯洋的闭合相关。该成果为古特提斯构造域的演化研究提供了新的基础资料，具有重要意义。
创新点：柳东地区火山岩属于早三叠世末期—中三叠世早期火山喷发产物，形成于印支期古特提斯洋的闭合条件下的火山弧-同碰撞构造环境。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveEastern Liuzhou is located in the eastern margin of Youjiang Basin. In recent years, a set of volcanic rock interlayer has been found in the Early Triassic Shipao Formation in the eastern Liuzhou for the first time, which provides an important basis for studying the tectonic evolution of the eastern margin of the Youjiang Basin.
MethodsTaking the newly discovered volcanic rocks in Eastern Liuzhou as the research object, this paper investigates the formation age and magmatic source characteristics of the volcanic rocks in the eastern margin of the Youjiang Basin through LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope analysis.
ResultsThe results show that the volcanic rocks are composed of tuff, tuff lava, and tuffaceous volcanic breccia, showing typical characteristics of volcanic rock. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age dating results show that the weighted mean ages of zircon in the two tuff samples are (244.0±1.9) Ma and (247.1±0.9) Ma respectively. The trace elements (U, Th, Hf, Nb) compositions of zircon show the characteristics of continental magma arcs-derived zircons. The zircon have εHf(t) values of -13.2--1.2, with second-stage model ages (TDMC) of 1.35-2.06 Ga, suggesting that their magma source is mainly crustal materials, with average crustal residual age of 1.7-2.06 Ga.
ConclusionsThe timing volcanic rock interlayer is basically consistent with the stratigraphic age of the Early Triassic Shipao Formation, and are the product of volcanic eruption during the late Early Triassic to the early Middle Triassic. The volcanic rocks were formed in volcanic arc-related, syn-collisional tectonic setting, which is the representative of the sedimentary environment of back-arc basin, and is related to the closure of the paleo-Tethys during the Indosinian period. This outcome provides new and crucial information for a better understanding the tectonic evolution of the paleo-Tethys.
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1. 研究目的(Objective)
中国从2009年开展页岩气实质勘探以来，已在四川盆地上奥陶统五峰组(O3w)—下志留统龙马溪组(S1l)海相页岩成功实现页岩气商业开发，成为世界上少数几个实现页岩气工业开采的国家之一，近年来掀起了页岩气研究的热潮。国内学者在页岩气的形成、演化、保存和成藏等方面取得诸多突破，同时也遇到诸多科学难题，如地质条件下页岩的成烃演化规律、页岩气乙烷碳同位素与干酪根碳同位素差异较大、页岩气烷烃气碳同位素倒转等，究其原因是页岩气组分单一，难以获取较多的地球化学信息。川南五峰组—龙马溪组海相页岩中含H2S天然气的发现(N201-H1井，H2S含量=0.42%)，激发了笔者探索海相页岩气中H2S成因的兴趣。本文力争从海相页岩中找出H2S形成的地质、地球化学证据，尤其成烃演化过程中伴随的TSR证据，并探讨TSR与页岩气地球化学异常的关系。
2. 研究方法(Methods)
通过野外地质调查，系统采集重庆高谷剖面五峰组—龙马溪组含黄铁矿富有机质页岩，开展TOC测定、全岩X衍射分析、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜与能谱分析、次生方解石碳同位素分析、方解石中包裹体分析。利用有机无机相结合的研究手段，重点关注页岩中黄铁矿的赋存形态、与有机质和无机矿物的共生关系，进而明确黄铁矿可能的成因类型。所有分析测试和研究工作均在页岩油气富集机理与有效开发国家重点实验室完成。
3. 研究结果(Results)
五峰组—龙马溪组样品(15件)的TOC介于1.6%~4.5%，均值为2.8%，岩矿分析结果显示为硅质页岩，黄铁矿含量介于4.5%~7.3%。多数样品中可见草莓状黄铁矿集合体零星或呈层状分布，粒径主要介于5~10 μm(11件)，个别样品中可见笔石黄铁矿化现象，其中的黄铁矿多为草莓状黄铁矿(3件)。在五峰组的2件样品中发现黄铁矿-石膏-方解石的共生脉体顺层发育，肉眼和镜下可见矿铁矿晶体呈立方体(图 1a)，从矿物之间的接触关系看，石膏最先形成，边缘有明显的溶蚀迹象，其次是黄铁矿，再是方解石(图 1b)；脉体上下页岩层中方解石碳同位素介于-0.5‰~-2.4‰，均值为-1.6‰(4件)，脉体中挑选出来的方解石碳同位素介于-5.2‰~-9.6‰，均值为-7.5‰(6件)，明显轻于页岩中的方解石碳同位素；脉体方解石中赋存气-液包裹体均一温度介于103℃~148℃，集中在135℃附近(12个点)。
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图 1 黄铁矿的分布及形态特征(Adr—石膏；Py—黄铁矿；Cal—方解石)Figure 1. Distribution and morphological characteristics of pyrite(Adr-Gupusm; Py-Pyrite; Cal-Calcite)沉积岩中黄铁矿的硫源主要源自H2S，而H2S主要成因为细菌硫酸盐还原作用(BSR)、热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR)和含硫有机质裂解作用(TDR)。五峰组—龙马溪组页岩中受控于原始有机质分布的草莓状黄铁矿属于同生期的BSR成因，而五峰组中发现的脉体具备TSR发生的物质和能量条件，辅以混入有机碳源的次生方解石证据，可以推断该区富有机质页岩成烃演化过程中发生过TSR反应，但由于H2S形成后极易与页岩中的金属离子结合而以硫化物的形式沉淀下来，导致现今海相页岩气藏中普遍不含和微含硫化氢，但是其对页岩气地球化学特征的影响不容忽视。已有模拟实验证明，可溶有机质裂解过程中TSR会导致烷烃气碳同位素序列倒转，因此，五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气碳同位素倒转可能与TSR有关。
4. 结论(Conclusions)
(1) 四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组富有机质页岩层段普遍发育黄铁矿，其中大部分为受控于原始有机质分布的草莓状黄铁矿，为BSR成因；特殊的矿物组合、次生方解石碳同位素偏轻和包裹体均一温度表明部分黄铁矿为有机质成烃演化过程中的TSR成因。
(2) 硫化氢遇到金属离子极易以硫化物的形式沉淀下来，所以同生期BSR形成的硫化氢很难保存至今，现今页岩气藏中的硫化氢最可能是TSR形成。TSR不仅可以改变页岩气化学组成，还可能是导致页岩气碳同位素倒转的重要因素，值得进一步深入研究。
5. 致谢(Acknowledgement)
本文为国家自然科学基金项目“页岩解析气碳同位素分馏特征及其指示意义研究”(41503033)、石油化工联合基金重点项目“古生界页岩含气性原生有机质控制作用研究”(U1663202)和“海相含膏盐岩层系烃源岩发育特征与生烃潜力评价”(U1663201)的资助成果。
致谢: 感谢庞崇进教授、潘天望博士在论文撰写过程中提供的指导，以及编辑和审稿专家认真评阅、提出的宝贵修改意见！ -
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图 1 柳东地区地质简图（a，据广西地矿局，2019资料修编）及实测剖面图（b）
1—第四系；2—白垩系；3—下三叠统石炮组；4—上二叠统大隆组；5—下二叠统孤峰组；6—下二叠统栖霞组；7-石炭系；8—泥盆系；9—水系；10—逆冲断层；11—断层；12—采样位置及编号；13—剖面位置及编号
Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the Liudong area(a) and schematic measured section(b)
1-Quaternary sediment; 2-Cretaceous; 3-Lower Triassic Shipao Formation; 4-Upper Permian Dalong Formation; 5-Lower Permian Gufeng Formation; 6- Lower Permian Qixia Formation; 7-Carboniferous, 8-Devonian; 9-River system; 10-Thrust fault; 11-Fault; 12-Sample location and numbers; 13-Section location and numbers
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图 2 柳州火山岩的手标本及显微图像
a—火山岩在野外呈层状出露；b—凝灰质熔岩被凝灰岩沿裂隙充填，分割呈角砾状；c—硅化玻屑凝灰岩；d—玻屑凝灰岩和凝灰质熔岩的边界；e—凝灰火山角砾岩；f—凝灰结构玻屑凝灰岩；Det—岩屑；Fsp—长石；Hya—玻屑；Qtz—石英晶屑；Chl—绿泥石；Kfs—钾长石；Pl—斜长石
Figure 2. Field images and photomicrographs of volcanic rocks in the Liuzhou area
a-Outcrops of the stratified volcanic rocks; b-Vitric tuff filled along the fissures of tuffaceous lava and divide it into breccia; c-Silicified vitric tuff; d-The boundaries of vitric tuff and tuffaceous lava; e-Tuffaceous volcanic breccia; f-Vitric tuff showing tuffaceous texture; Det-Detritus; Fsp-Feldspar; Hya-Vitroclastic; Qtz-Quartz phenocrysts; Chl-Chlorite; Kfs-K-Feldspar; Pl-Plagioclase
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图 4 柳州火山岩样品锆石U-Pb谐和曲线与直方图
Figure 4. LA-ICP MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for samples in Liudong area
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图 5 柳东火山岩样品t-εHf(t)特征图
Figure 5. Zircon t-εHf(t) diagram of volcanic rocks in Liudong area
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图 6 柳东火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄(a)、εHf(t) (b)、TDM (c)和TDMC (d)统计直方图
Figure 6. Zircon U-Pb age(a)、εHf(t) (b)、TDM (c) and TDMC (d) diagram of volcanic rocks in Liudong area
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图 7 柳州火山岩样品（R62）锆石微量元素Hf/Th-Th/Nb与Nb/Hf-Th/U图解（底图据杨江海等，2012）
Figure 7. Zircon trace element Th/U vs. Nb/Hf and Th/Nb vs. Hf/Th diagrams (after Yang Jianghai et al., 2012) for zircons from volcanic rocks of Liudong area
表 1 柳东地区火山岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb分析结果
Table 1 U-Th-Pb LA-ICP-MS data of zircon from volcanic rocks in Liudong area
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 柳东地区火山岩锆石Hf同位素数据
Table 2 Zircon Hf isotopic compositions of volcanic rocks in Liudong area
下载: 导出CSV
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