Temporal and spatial variation of natural resources and their ecological environment effects in Northeast China in the past 30 years under the background of industrialization
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摘要:研究目的
基于1990—2018年间的土地利用空间分布数据、数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model，DEM)、植被、气象等数据，对位于东北地区自然资源时空变化及其区域生态环境效应进行定量分析。
研究方法按照东北地区自然-地理-资源分布规律，通过定量计算与定性分析相结合的区划分析手段，将研究区划分为7个二级自然资源亚区和14个三级自然资源地区，分析其近30年来(1990—2018年)自然资源时空动态特征及生态环境效应。
研究结果结果表明：(1)近30年，研究区最主要的变化是森林、草地转变为耕地、水体与湿地，同时大量耕地被开发为建设用地，以及草地的荒漠化现象较突出。这与当地的老工业基地振兴政策、强农惠农政策等关系紧密。(2)研究区整体生态环境质量呈下降趋势，尤其是I1、I5、I6、I7二级亚区(I1三江平原温带耕地亚区、I5小兴安岭山地温带森林亚区、I6山前平原温带耕地亚区和I7松辽平原温带草耕亚区)。(3)森林、草地转变为耕地，大量面积的草地荒漠化等变化类型，对研究区生态环境质量恶化的生态贡献率较大。
结论近30年，研究区大量森林、草地转变为耕地和水体与湿地，大量耕地被开发为建设用地以及草地荒漠化加剧，其I1、I5、I6、I7二级亚区生态环境质量下降趋势较显著，森林、草地转变为耕地以及草地荒漠化等变化类型对此现象的生态贡献率较大。
创新点：（1）自然资源综合区划强化了对自然资源要素时空差异性和复杂多样性的科学认识；(2) 将东北地区自然资源综合区划为7个二级亚区，14个三级地区进行研究；(3) 揭示了近30年来东北地区自然资源时空动态特征及其生态环境效应特征。
Abstract:This paper is the result of the natural resources survey engineering.
ObjectiveBased on the spatial data of land use, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), vegetation and meteorological data we quantitatively analyzed temporal and spatial variation of natural resources and their effects on regional ecological environment in Northeast China from 1990 to 2018.
MethodsIn accordance with the distribution regularity of nature, geography and natural resource in Northeast China, the study area was divided into 7 second- class zones and 14 third- class zones in comprehensive regionalization of natural resources by combining quantitative calculation and qualitative analysis. This paper analyzed temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of natural resources and their ecological environmental effects in recent 30 years.
ResultsThe results showed as follows: (1) The main changes in the study area were the conversion of forest and grassland to cultivated land and water body and wetland from 1990 to 2018. Meanwhile, large areas of cultivated land was developed into built- up areas. In addition, the transformation of grassland to desertification was also prominent. The above phenomena were closely related to the local policy of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers policy, etc. (2)The overall ecological environment quality of the study area showed a declining trend, especially in I1, I5, I6 and I7 subregions(I1 Sanjiang plain temperate arable subregion, I5 Mountain temperate forest subregion of Lesser Khingan Mountains, I6 Piedmont plain temperate arable subregion and I7 Songliao plain temperate grass-tillage subregion. (3) The main reasons for the deterioration of ecological environment quality were that forest land and grassland were reclaimed as cultivated land and that grassland was turning to desertification.
ConclusionsIn the past 30 years, large areas of forest and grassland in the study area have been transformed into cultivated land and water body and wetland, cultivated land has been developed into built- up areas and grassland desertification has intensified. There was a significant decreasing trend of ecological environment quality in the I1, I5, I6 and I7 subregions. The conversion of forest and grassland to cultivated land and grassland desertification mainly contributed to this phenomenon.
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图 1 东北平原林耕自然资源大区概况
Figure 1. Overview of forest and cultivated natural resources in Northeast Plain
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图 2 东北平原林耕自然资源大区自然资源变化空间格局
I1—三江平原温带耕地亚区；I2—长白山山地温带森林亚区；I3—辽东平原温带耕地亚区；I4—大兴安岭寒温带丘陵森林亚区；I5—小兴安岭山地温带森林亚区；I6—山前平原温带耕地亚区；I7—松辽平原温带草耕亚区；I11—三江平原旱地地区；I21—兴凯湖平原旱地地区；I22—老爷岭山地灌木林地区；I23—长白山山地北部灌木林旱地地区；I31—张广才岭灌木林旱地地区；I41—辽东平原旱地地区；I42—大兴安岭丘陵有林地灌木林地区；I51—漠河山地灌木林高覆盖草原地区；I52—小兴安岭山地灌木林地区；I61—黑河山地灌木林旱地地区；I62—辽河平原南部旱地地区；I71—山前平原旱地地区；I72—松嫩平原耕地地区；I73—辽河平原低覆盖草原旱地地区
Figure 2. Spatial pattern of natural resources change in forest-cultivated natural resources region of Northeast Plain
I1-Sanjiang plain temperate arable subregion; I2-Mountain temperate forest subregion of Changbai Mountain; I3-Liaodong plain temperate arable subregion; I4-Great Khingan Mountains cold temperate hilly forest subregion; I5-Mountain temperate forest subregion of Lesser Khingan Mountains; I6-Piedmont plain temperate arable subregion; I7-Songliao plain temperate grass - tillage subregion; I11-Dry land area of Sanjiang Plain; I21-Xingkai Lake plain dry land area; I22-Laoye Mountain shrubbery area; I23-Changbai Mountain northern shrubbery dry land area; I31-Zhangguangcailing shrubbery dry land area; I41-Dry land area of Liaodong Plain; I42-Greater Khingan Mountains hills woodland shrubbery area; I51-Mohe mountain shrubbery high cover grassland area; I52-Mountain shrubbery area of Lesser Khingan Mountains; I61-Heihe mountain shrubbery dry land area; I62-Dry land area in southern Liaohe Plain; I71-Piedmont plain dryland area; I72-Cultivated area of Songnen Plain; I73-Liaohe plain low cover steppe dryland area
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图 3 1990—2018年东北林耕区生态环境质量空间差异(图中代码含义同图 2)
Figure 3. EV spatial differences in forest-cultivated areas of Northeast China from 1990 to 2018
表 1 东北平原林耕自然资源大区区划要素权重系数
Table 1 Weight coefficients of regionalization elements of forest and cultivated natural resources in Northeast Plain
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表 2 土地利用分类系统及其生态环境指数赋值
Table 2 Land use classification system and eco-environment value of the land use types
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表 3 大区1990—2018年自然资源动态变化转移矩阵(km2)
Table 3 Transfer matrix of regional natural resources dynamic change from 1990 to 2018(km2)
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表 4 1990—2018年东北林耕区生态环境变化的主要驱动因子及其贡献率
Table 4 Main driving factors and contribution rate of ecological environment change in forest-cultivated areas of Northeast China from 1990 to 2018
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