Migration simulation and pollution assessment of Cr (III) and ammonia from tannery wastewater in typical vadose zone in North China Plain
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摘要:研究目的
为探明制革废水中的特征污染物铬（Cr(III)）和氨氮（NH4+–N）在华北平原典型包气带中的迁移规律，评价其可能产生的土壤与地下水污染风险。
研究方法采用土柱淋滤实验研究Cr(III)和NH4+–N在典型粉土中的吸附和迁移转化特征，结合Hydrus–1D建立的包气带水流和溶质运移模型，模拟预测深0.5 m渗坑中NH4+–N连续入渗状态下通过包气带到达地下水面所需时间及不同深度浓度值的变化规律。
研究结果在3 cm定水头，污染液（Cr(III) 20 mg/L，NH4+–N 250 mg/L）定浓度持续淋滤120 d的情况下，Cr(III)在土柱中垂向迁移距离小于10 cm，且以残渣态（73%）为主，未检出Cr(VI)。NH4+–N则迁移能力较强，淋滤40 d后即穿透50 cm厚粉土柱。在高含盐量（电导率为10.08 ms/cm）条件下，NH4+–N在粉土中的迁移主要受吸附作用控制，土−水分配系数为25.87 L/kg，未发生硝化作用。持续淋滤150 d时NH4+–N迁移至地下水面（18 m埋深）且浓度超过III类地下水质量标准（0.5 mg/L, GB/T 14848–2017），在223 d完全穿透包气带，严重污染地下水。
结论高含盐量制革废水中Cr(III)在粉土中迁移能力较弱，且难以被氧化为Cr(VI)，对地下水威胁较小。NH4+–N则随水流快速迁移至地下水面，严重威胁地下水安全。
创新点:(1) 模拟了制革废水非正规排放NH4+–N和Cr(III)在包气带中的迁移转化规律；(2) 结合Hydrus–1D建立数值模型，预测了制革废液NH4+–N对地下水污染风险。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
ObjectiveThis study aims to elucidate the migration patterns of characteristic pollutants, i.e., chromium (Cr(III)) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), from tannery wastewater in the vadose zone of the North China Plain and to assess the potential risks of soil and groundwater contamination.
MethodsThe adsorption and transport characteristics of Cr(III) and NH4+–N in typical silts were examined using soil column leaching experiments. Additionally, the vadose zone water flow and solute transport model established by Hydrus−1D was utilized to simulate and predict the time required for NH4+–N to reach the groundwater table at a depth of 0.5 m under continuous infiltration conditions, along with changes in concentrations at various depths.
ResultsUnder a constant head of 3 cm and a pollutant solution concentration (Cr(III) 20 mg/L and NH4+–N 250 mg/L) maintained for 120 d, the vertical migration distance of Cr(III) in the soil column was less than 10 cm, predominantly in the residual form (73%), with no detection of Cr(VI). By contrast, NH4+–N exhibited a stronger migration capability, penetrating a 50 cm thick silt column within 40 d. Under high salinity conditions (EC: 10.08 ms/cm), the migration of NH4+–N was controlled by adsorption, with a Kd of 25.87 L/kg, and no nitrification occurred. After 150 d of continuous leaching, NH4+–N migrated to the groundwater table (18 m depth) with concentrations exceeding the Class III Groundwater Quality Standard (0.5 mg/L, GB/T 14848–2017). By 223 d, it completely penetrated the vadose zone, severely contaminating the groundwater.
ConclusionsIn high–salinity tannery wastewater, Cr (III) exhibits limited migration capacity in silt and is difficult to oxidize to Cr (VI), posing a lesser threat to groundwater. Conversely, NH4+–N rapidly migrates to the groundwater surface with water flow, posing a serious threat to groundwater safety.
Highlights:(1) Simulated the migration and transport pattern of NH4+–N and Cr (III) from irregular discharges of tanning wastewater in the vadose zone. (2) Integrated a numerical model using Hydrus–1D to predict the groundwater contamination risk from tannery effluent NH4+–N.
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1. 研究目的（Objective）
湘中坳陷作为南方复杂构造区页岩气勘探的热点地区之一，也是中国油气勘探久攻未克的地区。前期在湘中地区北部的涟源凹陷泥盆系和石炭系获得了页岩气突破和发现，证实了湘中地区上古生界页岩气资源丰富。但对湘中地区南部的邵阳凹陷调查程度较为薄弱，针对邵阳凹陷二叠系仅开展了少量基础地质调查工作，页岩气资源潜力评价方面的工作尤为欠缺。本次研究依托邵阳湘邵地1井（XSD1井）钻探工程建立了邵阳凹陷二叠系地层层序序列，揭示了主要含气页岩层系的分布特征，获取了含气性评价参数，对湘中地区二叠系页岩气勘探开发和重新评价湘中坳陷页岩气资源潜力具有重要的现实意义。
2. 研究方法（Methods）
中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心在收集分析区域地质相关资料的基础上，结合邵阳凹陷短陂桥向斜的煤田浅钻、非震物探等资料开展页岩气地质综合评价，采用页岩埋深500~4500 m，页岩有机碳含量≥1.0%，页岩厚度≥15 m，页岩有机质热演化程度1.0%~3.5%的评价参数在短陂桥向斜区优选页岩气远景区，论证部署了1口小口径页岩气地质调查井—XSD1井，湖南煤田地质勘查有限公司组织实施钻探（图 1a）。该井采样全井段取心钻井工艺，测井选取PSJ-2数字测井系统，录井采用SK-2000G气测录井，钻获二叠系大隆组156.05 m（暗色硅质页岩、钙质泥岩94.48 m），龙潭组349.95 m（暗色泥岩216.93 m，粉砂质泥岩36.9 m），对这两套层系共采集暗色泥岩样品33件，进行解析气含量测定分析，落实了含气性评价参数。
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图 1 湘邵地1井构造位置图（a）、主要含气层段岩性和含气性参数柱状图（b）、以及富集模式图（c）Figure 1. Structural location of Xiangshaodi 1 well (a), lithology and gas-bearing parameters of main gas bearing zones (b), and enrichment mode (c)3. 结果（Results）
本次样品分析工作由武汉地质调查中心古生物与生命-环境协同演化重点实验室完成，采用YSQ-IIIA岩石解析气测定仪（燃烧法）对含气段岩心共计33件样品进行分析。该井钻获二叠系大隆组厚度156.05 m，为一套硅质岩、硅质页岩、炭质钙质泥岩地层。其中在井深842~930.2 m硅质页岩、钙质泥岩段，气测全烃值从1.06%上升至16.54%，甲烷值从1.01%上升至14.04%，13件大隆组硅质页岩现场解析总含气量为1.29~9.97 m3/t，平均4.85 m3/t。实现了湘中坳陷二叠系页岩气新发现，有效拓展了华南地区大隆组勘探范围。
钻获龙潭组厚度349.95 m，上段为一套细砂岩、粉砂岩夹泥岩潮坪相沉积地层，下段为一套炭质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩夹薄层细砂岩泻湖相沉积地层。在井深1013.4~1048 m泥岩与粉砂岩互层段气测全烃值最高可达19.87%，甲烷值最高为16.94%，7件泥岩与粉砂岩样品现场解析总含气量0.57~3.42 m3/t，平均1.78 m3/t；井深1088.10~1199.75 m泥岩夹泥质粉砂岩含气层111.6 m，气测全烃值最高可达28.2%，甲烷值最高为23.6%，13件泥岩、粉砂质泥岩样品现场解析总含气量0.90~4.55 m3/t，平均2.01 m3/t（图 1b），首次查明了湘中坳陷二叠系龙潭组非常规油气分布特点。
通过区域地质背景分析，并结合煤田区域地质资料，本研究认为滑脱断裂（F9）上下盘具有不同的页岩气聚集条件。滑脱断裂之上由一系列的同向逆断层形成的逆冲推覆体，地层变形强烈，且裂缝发育，导致页岩气保存条件变差。滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，地层平缓，不发育次级通天断裂，与下盘地层形成反向遮挡，易形成封闭，保存条件良好（图 1c）。
4. 结论（Conclusions）
（1）二叠系大隆组岩性以硅质岩、硅质页岩为主，夹少量灰岩。主要含气段存在于上段硅质页岩段，厚88.2 m，含气量平均为4.85 m3/t，含气性优越，资源潜力大。
（2）二叠系龙潭组上段以致密砂岩气为主，含气量平均为1.78 m3/t；下段以页岩气为主，泥岩厚达177.47 m，含气量平均为2.01 m3/t，具有泥岩厚度大，含气性好等特征。
（3）保存条件是页岩气富集关键，构造改造弱的封闭演化环境有利于页岩气保存，研究区滑脱断裂下盘是页岩气主要富集区，易形成封闭，保存条件良好。
（4）湘邵地1井在二叠系大隆组和龙潭组获得良好的页岩气显示，证实了湘中地区二叠系具有良好的页岩气资源潜力，对湘中地区页岩气资源潜力评价具有重要意义。
5. 基金项目（Fund support）
本文为中国地质调查局项目“中扬子地区油气页岩气调查评价”（DD20221659）资助的成果。
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图 2 示踪试验Br－含量以及Hydrus 1−D拟合穿透曲线
Figure 2. Br－ contents in tracer experiment and breaking through fitting curve generated by Hydrus 1−D
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图 3 土柱不同观测孔中NH4+–N的实测值（点）与Hydrus–1D模拟预测值（线）对比
Figure 3. Comparison between measured (dots) and simulated (lines) concentration of NH4+−N in the varous observation points in the soil column
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图 4 不同埋深土壤NH4+–N的迁移曲线（a）及其浓度达到特定值的时间（b）
Figure 4. Predicted migration curves of NH4+–N at various soil depths (a) and time when NH4+–N concentration reaches specific values (b)
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图 5 不同时间剖面中NH4+–N的预测浓度分布
Figure 5. Predicted distribution of NH4+–N concentration in soil profiles at different times
表 1 制革污泥中各种组分含量与比例
Table 1 Contents and proportions of various components in the tanning sludge
组分 含量/(mg/kg) 比例/% N
形态总N 30900 100.00 NH4+–N 14400 46.60 NO3−–N 420 1.36 NO2−–N <1 0.00 Cr
价态总Cr 28822 100.00 Cr(VI) 170 0.59 Cr(III) 28652 99.41 Cr形态 水溶态 153 0.53 弱酸提取态 229 0.79 铁锰氧化物
结合态21700 75.29 有机质结合态 3860 13.39 残渣态 2880 9.99 pH值 7.94 总盐量/(mg/kg) 99000 
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表 2 污染场地周边表层（0~10 cm）洁净土壤的基本特征
Table 2 Characteristics of clean soil (0−10 cm) surrounding the contaminated sites
容重/(g/cm3) CEC/(mol/kg) pH 黏粒/% 粉粒/% 砂粒/% 有机碳/% Fe2O3total/% Cr(III)/(mg/kg) (NH4+–N)/(mg/kg) 1.64 13.6 7.61 10.52 74.39 15.09 1.7 6.13 69.9 20.2
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表 3 包气带水分运动参数
Table 3 Parameters of water movement in the vadose zone
参数 θr/% θs/% α/cm−1 n Ks/(cm/d) l 粉土 5.7 45.64 0.0049 1.6979 31.59 0.5 注：θr为土壤的残余含水率，θs为土壤的饱和含水率，α、n为土壤水力特性经验参数，Ks为渗透系数。
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表 4 渗流速度及弥散系数求解结果
Table 4 Results of percolation velocity and dispersion coefficients
参数 t0.16/h t0.50/h t0.84/h v/(cm/h) D/(cm2/h) Disp/cm 粉土 46.4 50.2 53.8 0.997 0.134 0.134
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表 5 土柱表层粉土（0~2 cm）中不同形态的Cr(III)含量
Table 5 Contents of different forms of chromium(III) in topsoil of silt column (0~2 cm)
形态 水溶态 弱酸
提取态铁锰氧化物
结合态有机质
结合态残渣态 含量/
(mg/kg)8.6 142.02 1127.38 771 5420 占比/% 0.12 1.90 15.09 10.32 72.57
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